No one really understands the genre of tragedy; the art form began with the Greeks, probably in the 6th century B.C.E., and consists of only 33 plays that took place between 430 and 355 B.C.E., or a brief 75 years. Yet no other expression of humanity's fears, pains, or justifications for life itself manifests itself as strongly. The seminar planned for the spring will examine the idea of tragedy and the tragic mood in all its social and philosophic implications. In particular, I want students to see that tragedy stems from the much misunderstood philosophic concept of pessimism, the wellspring of creativity that responds to passion, not reason. Whatever one's academic interests, this class is first and foremost about the urge to create, to turn unanswerable, senseless suffering into meaningful artistic achievements.

Beginning with the Greek dramatists, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, we will see how the Greeks attempted to explain life, to use their mythologies to express instinctive feelings about human nature. We will also study creative and philosophic forms not usually associated with tragedy, because tragedy is not a static art form. What about the "tragic" life, for example? How do we view an artist such as Van Gogh, whose art vividly documented his madness and changing attitude to his world? Or the life of Christ, if we look at the New Testament as literature? Or Freud's "death instinct," in which all life hungers to return to its origins? Or an event such as the Challenger space disaster, where people lost their lives seemingly bravely, nobly, and certainly publicly?

Many people believe that true tragedy is no longer possible, that we have lost the ability to tap into our hidden, instinctual feelings because reason plays such an important part in our lives. But I want to examine how true this is. Novels, for instance, may best express the spirit of tragedy today, especially books that appeal to our collective, national consciences. A work such as William Styron's The Confessions of Nat Turner, in which a slave leads a futile, bloody revolt, repeatedly asks "why must we suffer? how did this happen to us?" Styron's novel, itself controversial, has a remarkable comparison to a work such as Euripides' The Bacchus, demonstrating that so long as people fight against the unconquerable tragedy can be relevant, even in our own world.

What tragedy means has never been an easy question; but in its many formal aspects, tragedy remains an important cultural concept in Western literature, visual art, and philosophy. Toward this end, I want to explore the urge of creativity--the need we all share for expressing humanity's attempts at reconciling life with the fears and pains of living. Today we attempt to impose order and meaning on the meaningless by redefining the tragic in new social, artistic, and philosophic ways, and this class will ask the same questions that people have asked for thousands of years. No matter what your academic interests, the tragic spirit is part of us all--a universal statement of what it means to be human.

The course discussion will focus principally upon the development of the idea of tragedy and the tragic mood in all its social and philosophic implications. The spirit of tragedy is one of pessimism, a much misunderstood philosophic concept that is the wellspring of creativity. In this course we will look at the more traditional ideas about tragedy (ideas frequently misinterpreted in history and today), beginning with Aeschylus and the Greek drama. However, attention will as well be paid to forms not usually associated with tragedy--visual art, the Bible, the novel, historic events, and Freudian psychology--in an attempt to further understand the impetus that gives rise to the expression of tragedy, what that expression says about us, how the pessimistic spirit equates with creativity, and why that expression has changed in the modern world.

The question of what tragedy is has never been an easy one. It is far simpler, in fact, to define the many elements that constitute the tragic, thereafter using them as touchstones in an attempt to formulate a necessary criteria for such an elusive term. Yet tragedy, in its many formal aspects, is an important cultural concept in Western literature, visual art, and philosophy; toward this end the purpose of this course will be to explore the idea of tragedy as a universal expression of humanity's attempts at reconciling life with the fears and pains of living. The term itself demonstrates the elusiveness of the concept. In literature, we think that all tragedies must end in death or that heroes demonstrate fatal "flaws." We describe well-documented lives as being tragic by the degree to which they differ from our own experiences--biography becomes a voyeuristic necessity not unlike Aristotle's concept of catharsis. Events such as the Challenger space disaster must qualify as tragic, since people lost their lives seemingly bravely, nobly, and certainly publicly.

By examining not only the purest of tragic forms, the drama, but also works not ordinarily associated with the genre, we will discover that tragedy suggests more an innate mood and questioning about life than a term given to easy definition. We will also discuss how "pessimism," that misunderstood clich頴hat erroneously stands as the opposite of "optimism," is at the heart of creativity. For the Greeks, life did not make sense but tragedy as an art form did. Today we attempt to impose order and meaning on the meaningless by redefining the tragic in new social, artistic, and philosophic ways. Tragedy seeks understanding and purpose in otherwise purposeless existences--to understand that need is to touch the universality of life.

Course Outline

Course Requirements

Required Reading