Mary Jackson Pitts, Ph.D.
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nWhat is a concept?n Represents a number of individual, but related things. What
is a construct?
n
A construct is the linking of a
variety of concepts
n
You must be able to measure the
construct.
What
is a variable?
n
The variable
becomes that thing, construct, concepts that you present in your research
questions and hypotheses.
uThe
variable is is always identified in the research questions or the hypothesis.
The
variable
n
There must be variability.
n
There must be two or more levels.
uGender----Males
and females
uAge----young
and old
uCognition----
comprehension, lack of comprehension.
What is operationalization?n This is where you denote how the variable is observed and measured.Variablesn Some are easy to pick out, view and count.u Violence on tv…u Attitudes about violence on televisionnWhat is an hypotheses?n Is an educated guess or a presumption, that is based on a scholar’s review of the research literature.n It describes a relationship between two variables.Variablesn Independent Variable---A variable that influences another variable; for example, if frequency of newspaper reading depends to some extent on education level, then education level is an independent variable.n This is the predictor variable.n We manipulate these variables.Variablesn
Dependent
Variable---A variable influenced by another variable; for example, if frequency
of newspaper reading depends on education level, frequency of newspaper reading
is a dependent variable.
u
This is the criterion variable.
u
Something happens to the dependent
variable because of the dependent variable.
Confounding variablesn Can be used to provide a link between the two main variables.Finding variablesn There is a relationship between gender and the likelihood of liking pro wrestling programs.n A relationship exists between radio listenership and live djs.n Class success is influenced by attendance.Hypothesisn
Directional
u
The statement indicates the
direction of the relationship.
«
Ie Females will be less likely to
watch pro wrestling.
n
Nondirectional
u
Suggests a difference will exist
but doesn’t say how.
«
There will be a difference between
viewing habits between males and females.
n
How do you know if your hypothesis is good?n Is is simply stated?n Are there at least two variables in the statement?n Can the variables be measured by the techniques you know how to use?n Are the relationships precise?n Can the hypothesis be tested?Testing the null hypothesisn Attempting to reject the null hypothesis.n The null hypothesis says that no relationship exist.n The null is opposite of the research hypothesis.n We assume the null is true until evidence suggests otherwise. |