I. Multiple Choice . Some of these are similar to those on your quizzes, but some will also cover material assigned that I did not quiz you over, as well as aspects of the readings discussed in class and material from class presentations. Most, if not all, of your exam will be multiple choice with perhaps some true and false and matching.

II. You should know the terms below as they relate to Chapters 5-9.

the kula ring/ Trobianders the Kwakiutl Potlach rank societies call systems

animal communication gender phonology syntax

semantics morpheme phoneme transformational grammar

sociolinguistics the bell curve Black English race

lingua franca dialect pidgin English creole

class systems hunting and gathering steppe horticulture

nomadism transhumance extensive cultivation peasants/farmers

cash crops economic system generalized reciprocity balanced reciprocity

market exchange negative reciprocity redistribution leveling mechanisms

special-purpose money general-purpose money gender differences egalitarian societies

corveé intensive agriculture subsistence technology codeswitching

ethnography of speaking lexicon the Inuit the Yanomamö

the Samoans the Hadza ethnicity Mondurucu of Brazil

Mekong Delta of Vietnam pastoralism the Mbuti Pygmies Chayonov's rule

optimal foraging theory fiesta complex manumission slaves

strength theory compatability theory expendability theory Siwans of North Africa

economy of effort matrilineal societies gender stratification the Etoro of New Guinea

the Lepcha of the Himalayas subsistence activities sexually dimorphic the Coast Salish

the Agta of the Philippines the Camars of India the Kpelle of Liberia the Pomo of Central California

the Lapps the Basseri rural Greece slash-and-burn

The outline below might help you organize your notes from class presentations:

I. Language and Communication

A. Origins and development of human language; the development of Black dialect from a pidgin language

B. Communication and language - human and acquired language

C. Structural variation in language; phonology; morphology; grammar; vocabulary

D. Ethnography of Communication

1. Black English - distinct grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary

2. nonverbal communication

3. gender differences in speech; social status and speech

II. Subsistence Patterns

A. Mode of Food-Getting Strategy

1. Technology among hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and intensive cultivators

2. Demographic and settlement characteristics/other characteristics specific to the above groups

B. Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting

C. The Spread and Intensification of Food Production

III. Economic systems

A. Production - to produce, individuals must have access to basic resources.

B. Allocation of natural resources among hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and intensive cultivators

C. Organization of Labor

4. Specialization in complex societies

5. Capital - goods used to produce other goods

D. Distribution - systems of exchange

1. reciprocity - balanced, generalized, and negative; redistribution; market

2. Accommodation and resistance; commercialization

IV. Social Stratification

A. Egalitarian, rank, and class societies

B. For each example of behavior below, be able to select the type of society (caste system, class system, rank society, or egalitarian) in which it would most likely occur:

1. A family of barbers works for the same landowning family for generations.

2. Black factory workers earn substantially less than white workers earn doing the same job.

3. A group changes its status by converting en masse to Christianity.

4. Hunting brings prestige to as many men in the society as are good hunters.

5. A baseball player earns more money than a doctor earns.

6. There are no full-time occupational specialties other than food production.

7. The prestige of an individual is determined by his or her kinship relation to the chief.

8. A family buys a color television set because all of its neighbors have one.

9. Status depends on ritual purity.

V. Sex, Gender, and Culture

A. Sex and Gender Differences: theories that explain gender roles B. Sexuality