Mary Jackson Pitts, Ph.D.

mpitts@astate.edu

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Copyright

a proprietary right of control over literary or artistic creations.

Berne Convention Implementation act of 1988—

n      took effect March 1, 1989.  Brings U. S. Law into accord with an international copyright agreement.

COPYRIGHT

n     applies to original works of authorship, fixed in any tangible medium of expression.

n           Work of authorship refers to any creation that is primarily expressive in nature.

n     Copyright law is automatic.

u  Use  copyright notice                                                                                                                 

 Categories of works of authorship.

n           1) literary works:

n           2) Musical works, including accompanying music:

n           3) Dramatic works, including accompanying music;

Categories of works of authorship.

n           4) pantomimes and choreographic works;

n           5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;

n           6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works: and

n           7) sound recordings.

Categories of works of authorship.

n     8) Computer software

n     9) Videos

ORIGINALITY-

n     -Means the author created the work--that is not a reproduction of existing material.

  Copyright Act.

n     Compilations and derivative works are protected 

A compilation

n     is a work formed by the collection and assembly of preexisting information.

A derivative work

n     is defined as a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, dramatization, fictionalization, condensation, or nay other form in which the preexisting work is recast or adapted in some way.

u  The owner can sell rights to another to make a derivative.

« Novel in a movie

  FIXATION—

n      The creative work must be fixed in a tangible medium.  The work must be found on paper, film, tape, disk.

DURATION OF OWNERSHIP--

n     Works published before 1923, are now in public domain.

n     If copyrighted after 1977, Life of the author, plus 70 years.

n     Copyright Extension Act or Sunny Bono Copyright Extension Act (1998)--works before 1978, copyright extended from effective date 95 years.

Duration of ownership 

n     For joint works: until the death of the last surviving author, plus 70 years

n     For works made for hire: 95 years   from the date of creation

n     Unpublished works made for hire 120 from the year of creation.

Copyright odds and ends

n     Digital Millennium Copyright Act--copyright and the law.

n     Cable and copyright---Copyright Royalty Tribunal. Congress ended it in 1993.

n     All copyrights end on December 31 of the year.

Copyright Catastrophe

Mary Pitts

 Media Distribution

n     Radio

n     Cable Access Channel

n     Television

n     Web

n     Festivals

n     Multimedia

Examples of Copyright Infringement

n      Corporate video

« Client

•    Music

n      Documentary

« Client

•    Music

•    Video

•    Maps

Examples of Copyright Infringement  

n      Cable access

u  Music

u  Video

n      Web design

u  Still Photographs

What Students Know About Copyright

n      2000

n      2002

n      2003

 Copyright is:

n      Fair Use

n      Very Subjective

Fair use

n       Cases

u  Roy Export Co. Estab. Of Vaduz v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 672 F. 2d 1095 1100 (2d Cir. 1982

u  Monster Communications, Inc v. Turner Broadcasting Sys. Inc 935 F. Supp. 490 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)

Fair use

n       Cases

u   Kelly v. Arriba-Soft, 03 C.D.O.S. 5888 (9^th Cir. 2003)

Educational fair use

n     Multimedia

Public Domain

n     Music

n     Video

n     Internet

n     Fishman, S. (2004, March). The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright Free Writings, Music, Art & More

u  www.nolo.com

Public Domain

n      Determining public domain

n      Many gray areas

Public Domain

n      Derivatives which are copyrighted.

 Sources for public domain versions of music works

u  http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/perform/guide

u  www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/music

u  www.library.yale.edu/musiclib/muslib.htm

   Sources for public domain versions of music works

u  http://icking-music-archive.org

u  http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic

u  http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/smhtml/smhome.html

  Sources for public domain versions of music works

u   Private companies which sell public domain sheet music for a price.

« Public domain music

« www.pdinfo.com

  Sources for  public domain versions of film and television works  

u  U.S. Government 

« National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

« www.archives.gov/research_room/media_formats/films_sound_video.html

« NAC National Audiovisual Center’s

•    www.ntis.gov/nac

« NASA www.nasa.gov/gallery/video/index.html

  Sources for public domain versions of film and television works  

u  Film archives

« www.filmpreservation.org/sm_index.html

« http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mopic

New Materials Created

n      Music

u  Using campus resources

n      Reenactments

u  Recognizing there are some things that just don’t exist. Will a reenactment work.

 Obtaining the Rights

n     When in doubt, seek permission.

Stim, R. (2001). Getting Permission: How to License and Clear Copyrighted Materials Onine & Off.

   www.nolo.com

Production Music Libraries for a price