1.   H = dominant allele for hot peppers; h = recessive allele for mild peppers.

(a)    Hh   X    hh

For Hh, the gametes can carry the H (dominant allele) or the h (recessive allele).
For hh, the gametes can only carry h (the recessive allele).
 

 (b)  Hh    X    Hh

For both heterozygous individuals (Hh), the gametes can carry the H (dominant allele) or the h (recessive allele).
 
 

(a)  Hh    X    HH

For Hh, the gametes can carry the H (dominant allele) or the h (recessive allele).
For HH, the gametes can only carry H (the dominant allele).
 

2.  B = allele for Brown eyes; b = allele for blue eyes.

                                                                         Brown-eyed mother         X         Blue-eyed father
                                                                                                       (genotype = ??)-------------------(genotype = bb)
                                                                                                                                               |
                                                                                                                                               |
                                             Blue-eyed man                        X                             Brown-eyed woman
                                            (genotype = bb)------------------------------------------ (genotype = Bb)
                                                                                                |
                                                                                                |
                                                                                                |

Genotypic and phenotypic ratio is 1:1; half the offspring have a chance of growing up with blue eyes.

3.   B = allele for Brown eyes; b = allele for blue eyes.

By the process of elimination and deductive reasoning, you can be fairly certain of the genotypes of everyone except the father of the brown-eyed man.  He is either BB or Bb.

      Brown-eyed father              Blue-eyed mother                Brown-eyed father           Brown-eyed mother
                     (B?)---------------------------(bb)                                            (Bb)-------------------------(Bb)
                                              |                                                                                            |
                                              |                                                                                            |
                               Brown-eyed man                                                                Blue-eyed woman
                               (Bb)----------------------------------------------------------------(bb)
                                                                     |
                                                                     |
                                                            Blue-eyed son
                                                                                        (bb)

4.       R = allele for razor-sharp claws; r = allele for dull claws.

                                                               Sharp-clawed male               Sharp-clawed female
                                                        (heterozygous) velociraptor      (heterozygous) velociraptor
                                                                          (Rr)-----------------------------(Rr)
                                                                                                     |
                                                                                                     |
                                   Sharp-clawed male                        Dull-clawed female
                               (heterozygous) velociraptor           (homozygous) velociraptor
                                              (Rr)--------------------------------(rr)
                                                                            |
                                                                            |

Genotypic and phenotypic ratios are both 1:1, so half of the offspring have a chance of having sharp claws, while the other half are likely to have dull claws.

What precise estimate of the number of young from a 100 egg clutch resulting from this mating that would have 4-inch razor-sharp claws?  Answer:  Half of the progeny would have sharp claws and the other half would have dull claws.  Out of a 100 egg clutch, you would predict 50 sharp-clawed velociraptors and 50 dull-clawed velociraptors.

5.   G is the dominant allele for green color, while g is the recessive allele for striped color. S is the dominant allele for short shape, while s is the recessive allele for long shape.

    Long striped fruit-producing plant             X              Short green fruit-producing plant
       (homozygous recessive - ggss)----------------------------(heterozygous - GgSs)
                           |                                                                            |
                           |                                                                            |
           [all gametes only carry gs]        [Four possible gametes assuming independent assortment: GS, Gs, gS, gs]

What phenotypes would this cross produce and in what ratios?  See the following Punnett square.
 

The genotypic and phenotypic ratios are the same - 1:1:1:1.
 

6.  The putative father has type B blood (possible genotypes that can generate this phenotype include I^BI^B or I^Bi).  The mother has type AB blood with a genotype of I^AI^B.  The child possesses type O blood and must have a genotype of ii. The two alleles donated to the offspring must be an i allele, one from the biological father and the other from the mother.  The man is potentially the father of the child given that he may be heterozygous, that is, I^Bi.  The med-tech has detected a problem in parentage.  The mother is probably not the biological parent of the child (assuming no mutations), because she has no i alleles to donate to an offspring who is homozygous recessive (having two dose of the recessive allele) for blood type.