Note taking guide
 Chapter 14: BLOOD

Blood is a connective tissue.

Functions:
        Transportation

        Regulation

        Protection

Physical characteristics:
        thickness

        viscosity

        pH

Amount
        About 8% of body weight in kg.

Components of blood:
        plasma

        Formed elements:
                cells

                cell fragments

Hematocrit

Formation of blood cells
        before birth

        after birth

         Hemocytoblasts - stem cells

         hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis (hee -mo-poy-E-sis)

Formed elements:

 Red blood cells
                biconcave discs without _______
                adapted for

                each cell is 1/3 hemoglobin
                            4 polypeptide chains - globin
                            Pigment called heme containing _________
                                            Oxyhemoglobin
                                            Deoxyhemoglobin
       
                                                        Cyanosis

                            Carbaminohemoglobin - 23% of CO₂

                            Carbon monoxide

                Males

                Females and children

                People living at high altitudes

Life cycle of an RBC

        The hemocytoblasts produce erythroblasts,

        The erythroblasts produce normoblasts

        Reticulocytes - cells enter the circulation.

        erythrocytes

                Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin by kidney

        live about 120 days

        phagocyctized

        iron transported by transferrin

        stored as ferritin

        biliverdin

        bilirubin

                jaundice

    Anemia:

            pernicious anemia

            iron deficiency

            sickle cell anemia

    Polycythemia

White blood cells:
        Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
                    Neutrophils
                            Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

                            Bands

                    Eosinophils

                    Basophils

    Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

                Lymphocytes

                Monocytes

    Leukocytosis

    Leukopenia

    Leukemia

    Differential White blood cell count

    Complete blood count (CBC)

    Tissue typing - major histocompatibility antigens

Platelets (Thrombocytes)
            Megakaryocytes

            Blood clotting

Plasma:
        91.5 % water
        8.5 % solutes

Proteins
        Albumin
                Osmotic pressure

            Globulins
                        Antibodies

            Fibrinogen
                        Blood clotting

            Other solutes

Serum

Hemostasis
        Blood vessel spasm
        Platelet plug formation:
                Platelet adhesion  
                Platelet release reaction
                Platelet aggregation

Blood coagulation (clotting)
        Thrombus
       
        Embolus

        Formation of prothrombinase
                Extrinsic pathway

                Intrinsic pathway

        Common pathway:
                Prothrombin to thrombin

                Fibrinogen to fibrin

        Clot retraction

        Hemophilia

        Vitamin K

Fibrolytic system:
        plasminogen

       Plasmin (fibrolysin)

Tissue plasminogen activators (TPA’s)

Blood types:

        A, B, AB, O

        Rh
            Hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis

                    Mother Rh :

                    Father Rh :