Note taking guide Chapter 16 : The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Lymphatic system is:

            vessel network

            structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue

Functions:

1

2

3

Lymphatic vessels and Lymph Circulation:
    Pathway:
            Lymphatic vessels begin as :

            Interstitial fluid drains into lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph.

            Lymph capillaries merge to form :

            Lymphatic vessesl carry lymph into and out of :

            and finally back to the vascular system.

Lymphatic capillaries -

Lymphatic vessels -

Pass through lymph nodes and form lymphatic trunks

Trucks join to form:

            Thoracic duct - drains 3/4 of body

            Right lymphatic duct - drains right arm, and right side of head, neck and upper torso.

Formation of lymph:
            fluid leaves capillaries by:

            Escaped proteins:

            If lymph flow blocked =

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in vili of small intestine transport lipids - they are called :
    and the fluid is called :

The lymphatic organs are:
            lymph nodes

                They are found:

                They act as:

                Unfortunately, they can also act as a site of:

          structure of node -

Lymph nodules -

        mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

        aggregations - such as

The thymus gland
    Location:

    Largest at age:

    Function:

Thymus produces hormone thymosin - aid s in:  

Spleen -largest lymphatic organ
   Structure similar to lymph node, but filters:     

    Made of :

    Functions:
    1.

    2.

    3.

Ability to ward off disease is called:

Lack of resistance is called:

Nonspecific resistance - a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens.

Immunity involves activation of specific lymphocytes to fight off a specific foreign substance.

Species Resistance

Skin and Mucous Membranes:
    First line of defense

        Thickness and shedding

        Mucus

        Hairs

        Cilia

    Mechanical removal

    Chemical protection

        sebaceous glands

        decreased pH

        Gastric juice

         Lysozyme

Antimicrobial substances - second line of defense

    Transferrins

    Interferon - "Paul Revere" chemicals
       
        These protect only:

    The Complement System:

    20 normally inactive proteins in blood
    "complement" or enhance other reactions

Activation of complement can result in:
        1. Activation of inflammation

        2. Opsonization - any process that enhances phagocytosis

        3. Cytolysis

                membrane attack complexes :

    Fever:

            causes liver and spleen to:       

            intensifies action of:
   
            inhibits growth of:
 
Inflammation

Cardinal signs :
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    (and sometimes) :

Stages:

    1. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

    2. Phagocyte migration

    3. tissue repair

Phagocytosis

    1. Chemotaxis

    2. Adherence

    3. Ingestion

Natural Killer Cells

DO NOT have receptors for specific antigens

Specific resistance to disease involves the production of :

Antigen - any substance that elicits (causes) an immune response.

Best antigens are:

Haptens -

Epitopes-

The Story

During inflammation, a macrophage:

 The macrophage then takes a bacterial antigen:

This macrophage displays this complex::

 When it finds a T helper cell which has a receptor matching this antigen complex:


 
This binding causes the macrophage to produce:

Every step in the immune system needs:

The interleukin-1 produced by the macrophage binds to the IL-1 receptor on the T helper cell:

Interleukin-2 ( IL-2)  causes lymphocytes to: 

These steps are common to both cell mediated and humoral immune responses.

Humoral (AMI) immunity.

In order for B cells to become activated and produce antibody against a specific antigen, two things must happen.
First, the B cell must encounter:


 Next, IL-2, produced by the T helper cell, needs to:

With these two signals, the B cell responds by:

Antibodies are soluble proteins called: 
 They are made of :

The first antibodies produced by the activated B cells (plasma cells) are:

These are effective opsonins, mostly because:

 It is also the most efficient antibody class for :

 Starting several days after antibody production begins,  the body produces:

IgA is:

IgD is:

Cell mediated immunity

A virus is a particle of protein and nucleic acid capable of self replication. When it enters an animal cell :




When a macrophage encounters a dead or dying virus infected cell:


 In order to kill a virus infected cell and prevent it from releasing more viruses :

As usual, two signals are needed to activate the T cell.
    1.


    2.

Perforins are similar to activated complement, and act by:

Lymphotoxins activate the infected cell"s :

Tc cells are effective against:

T helper cells:

Immune responses:

The first time you encounter an antigen, you may have only a few cells capable of responding to that antigen. When they react to the antigen the first time it is called the:


 

The next, and any following time you meet an antigen, the response is much more rapid and intense because:

Follicular dendritic cells in the lymph nodes may help memory by :

Hypersensitivity - "The immune system gone bad"

Delayed type hypersensitivity:
    Is a form of :

    Requires: 

    Second encounter with antigen causes the production of :

Immediate type Hypersensitivity

Exposure to antigens results in production of :

anaphylaxis -

Types of Immunity

Acquired immunity

        Active -

                natural -

                artificial -

        Passive -

                natural -

                artificial -