Exam IV Study Guide

Study Guide for Exam IV Anatomy and Physiology II Updated 3/28/07

Chapter 13
What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
What are the differences in circulating hormones, paracrine secretions and autocrine secretions?
How are circulating hormones inactivated and/or removed from the body?
Compare and contrast the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Why do hormones, which are carried everywhere in the body by the blood, affect only certain organs?
What hormones are steroids? What are steroid hormones made from? How do they change what is going on inside a cell? How can they be administered?
How do protein or peptide (water-soluble hormones) affect what goes on inside a cell? How are they usually administered?
What are prostaglandins? What are they made from?
What are the three ways hormones may be regulated?
Locate the pituitary gland. What bony structure protects it?
Describe the structure of the posterior pituitary gland. (Hint: what is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?)Where are its hormones produced? What two hormones are stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland? What condition is caused by hyposecretion of ADH? What common substances decrease ADH secretion?
What is the structure of the anterior pituitary gland? (What is its other name?) How is it controlled by the hypothalamus? What vascular structures aid in this control?
What seven hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? What is a tropic hormone?
What happens if growth hormone is over or under-secreted while a child is growing? In adulthood? When is growth hormone secreted?

For the following hormones, be able to tell where each is produced, locate that organ within the body, what its target organ is (be specific), what its effect is, and how it is regulated.
(ADH ,Oxytocin - review)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone- will cover effects and regulation later
Luteinizing hormone- will cover effects and regulation later

What inorganic substance is critical for the formation of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4? Where can you get this substance? What happens when T3 and T4 are overproduced? Under produced?
What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex? What are the three layers of the cortex, and what hormones do they make?
What diseases are caused by over or under production of cortisol?
How do the androgens produced by the adrenal cortex affect males? Females?
Why is the adrenal medulla considered to be a sympathetic ganglion? What hormones does it produce, and what do these hormones do? What do we call a tumor of the adrenal medulla?
What is the difference between Type I and Type II (IDDM and NIDDM)?
What is a nickname for the pineal gland, and why is it called this?
What hormones does the thymus gland produce, and what do they do?
Where is erythropoietin produced, and what does it do?
Where is ANP produced and what does it do?
What is stress? What are stressors? What part of the brain is the main regulator of our response to stress? What does it do in times of stress? What hormones are involved?

Chapter 22
What are gametes? What are the primary sex organs for the male? The female?
How does the formation of the reproductive tract in the embryo differ for males and females?
How is it the same?
At what temperature do the testes need to be maintained for a male to be fertile? How is this accomplished?
What is cryptorchidism, and what is the result?
Describe the structure of the testes.
Describe the process of meiosis. What is synapsis? Crossing over?
How many chromosomes does the resulting gamete contain? How many sperm are formed from one primary spermatocyte?
What do sustentacular or Sertoli cells do?
Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?
Describe the structure of a spermatozoan. What does each part do?
Trace the path of the sperm from the seminiferous tubule to the glans of the penis. What accessory glands contribute to the formation of semen?
Describe the structure of the penis. How does erection occur? Emission and ejaculation?
Describe the structure of the ovary.
Describe oogenesis. How many eggs are produced from a primary oocyte?
Trace the path of the ovum from the ruptured follicle to the uterus. What structures aid in its passage into the uterus?
Understand the function of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. Describe what each does in the ovary and in the uterus. Which is the ovulating hormone? Could ovulation occur if FSH was not produced?
What are some ways for a women to tell she has ovulated or will ovulate shortly?
Where does fertilization occur?
Describe the female vulva, and tell which structures have a counterpart in the male.
What is menopause?
When, in relation to the time of ovulation, can intercourse result in pregnancy?
What is capacitation? Why does it take so many sperm to get pregnant?
What is fertilization?
What does relaxin do during pregnancy?
For information on the following, see reproduction notes on this web site.
What is a zygote? What is a blastocyst?
What is implantation? When does it occur? What is an ectopic pregnancy?
How are twins produced? (Two ways)
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG )? What produces it, and what does it do ? Why do we test for it?
What produces estrogen and progesterone after the first three months of pregnancy?
What makes up the placenta, and what is it good for?
What is quickening?
What are the three stages of labor? What happens during each - When is the baby delivered ? The placenta?
What is the structure of the mammary gland? What type of tissue makes up the functional part? What causes the variation in size?
How do prolactin and oxytocin influence this gland?

It is a good idea to read the section on birth control, but you will NOT be tested on it.