Synthesis Reactions - Anabolism
A + B 6 AB
Reactants Product
Decomposition Reactions - Catabolism.
AB
6 A + BExchange Reactions.
Exchange reactions involve the replacement of one atom or atoms by another atom or atoms.
AB + CD
6 AD + BC
Reversible Reactions.
In reversible reactions, end products can revert to the original combining molecules.
AB º A + B
CO2 + H2O
º H2CO3 º H+ + HCO3-Inorganic acids, bases, and salts dissociate into ions in water.
An acid ionizes into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions. Since H+ is nothing more than a proton, an acid may also be defined as a proton donor.
A base ionizes into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations. A base can also be viewed as a proton acceptor.
A salt ionizes into anions and cations, neither H+ nor OH- ions.
Concentration = 0.00001 grams / liter
1 X 10-5 = pH 5
Concentration = 0.001 grams / liter
1X10-3 = pH 3
Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems.- second semester
CO2 + H2O
º H2CO3 º H+ + HCO3-Carbonic acid Bicarbonate ion(base)
Water:
is an excellent solvent, which means that many substances can be dissolved in water.
The substance which is dissolved in a solvent is called the solute.
The combination of solvent and solute is called a solution.
Water also participates in chemical reactions :
dehydration synthesis reactions:
AH + BOH
6 AB + H20 hydrolysis: AB + H20 6 AH + BOHOrganic Molecules
Macromolecules are made by joining smaller subunits called monomers
. Carbohydrates: Cx (H20) y C12H22011Monosaccharides - single sugars
Disaccharides - double sugars
Polysaccharides - complex carbohydrates - long chains of simple sugars
Phospholipids - glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Steroids based on Cholesterol - complex ring structure Proteins: C, H, O, N (S) Amino acids:amino group : -NH2
Carboxyl (acid) group: - COOH
Side chain or R group
Peptide bonds
A protein’s structure determines its function.
Primary structure: the order of amino acids
Secondary structure: repeated twisting or folding into a helix or pleated sheet
Tertiary structure: the three-dimensional structure of the protein
(Quaternary structure: how polypeptides fit together to form the protein)
Enzymes: catalystsApopenzyme - protein portion
Cofactor (coenzyme)
Apoenzyme + cofactor = holoenzyme
Specific
Efficient
Controlled
Names end in -ase : Oxidase, dehydrogenase, protease
Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P
Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
Ribonucleic acid - RNA
Nucleotides (monomers) made of:
Nitrogenous base:
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine in DNA
In RNA uracil substitutes for thymine.
A pentose sugar: deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.
A phosphate group
Double Helix
A pairs with T (or U)
C pairs with G
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
Energy currency of the cell AdenineRibose
Three phosphate groups