EXERCISE 40: ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Why are the kidneys the major homeostatic organs of the body?
Macroscopic anatomy: Be able to identify in models, diagrams and the cat (where possible): the kidneys, adipose capsule, ureters, urinary bladder (trigone, openings of ureters),  urethra (in male, identify the prostatic, membranous and spongy urethrae.). Note that the kidneys are ureters are retroperitoneal; they lie posterior to the parietal peritoneum.
    Pig kidneys: renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal columns, renal pyramids, renal papilla, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter.
Microscopic anatomy: Be able to recognize kidney tissue in the microscope and be able to identify the glomerulus. On models be able to identify: afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, renal corpuscle, glomerulus, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. Also be able to identify the podocytes of the inner layer of Bowman's capsule and the slit membrane and the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
What is the driving force for the process of filtration within the renal corpuscle? What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control? What three process occur during the formation of urine? Where do each of these processes take place? What is the scientific term for voiding or urination?

EXERCISE 41: URINALYSIS
Observe an artificial urine sample. What can the color, turbidity and odor tell you about the person who gave that sample? What would you expect to find in a urine sample from a healthy person? What would indicate a disease condition? Perform the pH and specific gravity tests on one or more artificial urine samples. What are the normal ranges for these factors? Understand how dipsticks or Clinistix work. Perform a sugar analysis using the reagents provided in lab. Be careful handling the tablet which contains NaOH which can cause burns.

PERFORM THE PHYSIOEX EXERCISE 41B on page p-108 and be prepared to answer questions about your results on the next practical exam!