9/5 - 9/8
Exercise 9: Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages
Know the two major divisions of the skeleton: the axial and appendicular
skeleton.
Be able to recognize the difference between compact and spongy bone. Be able to
define and give examples of the following types of bones: Long, short, flat,
irregular, sesamoid and wormian (sutural) bones. Be familiar with the bone
markings listed in table 9.1: tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle,
epicondyle, spine, process, head, facet, condyle, ramus, sinus, meatus,
fossa, groove, fissure, foramen. Know the parts of the long bone:
diaphysis, epipyhsis, epiphyseal plate (line), articular cartilage. Where would
you find the periosteum? The endosteum? What tissue are these structures made
of? Where would you find red marrow? What is the function of red marrow? Where
would you find yellow marrow? What is the major component of yellow marrow? What
does an osteoblast do? What does an osteoclast do? What component of bone gives
it its hardness? Its flexibility? Review the structure of the osteon. If you did
not look at bone under the microscope last week, be sure to do it this week.
What is endocondral ossification? What bones are formed this way? What
structures are remnants of the original hyaline cartilage model? Be able
to identify hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage, and
identify their locations in the body.
Exercise 10:The Axial Skeleton
Be able to identify the following bones and the structures associated with
them. Calvaria; anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae; frontal bone (supraorbital notch, glabella); parietal bone; temporal bone (squamous region,
tympanic region, mastoid region, petrous region, zygomatic process, mandibular
fossa, external auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, stylomastoid
foramen, jugular foramen, carotid canal, internal acoustic
meatus, foramen lacerum); occipital bone (foramen magnum, occipital condyles,
external occipital crest and protuberance{inion}); sphenoid bone (greater and lesser
wings, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica [hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae,
tuberculum sellae], optic canal, foramen rotundum,
foramen ovale); ethmoid bone (crista galli, cribriform plates, superior and
middle nasal conchae); mandible (mandibular body, mandibuluar ramus, mandibular
condyle, coronoid process, mental foramen); maxilla (palatine processes,
incisive fossa, infraorbital foramen); palatine bone; zygomatic bone ( temporal process);
lacrimal bone; nasal bone; vomer; inferior nasal conchae. Be able to identify
the following sutures: coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid. List and locate
where possible, the paranasal sinuses. Be able to recognize the hyoid bone and
its parts: greater horn, lesser horn and body, and realize that it is the only
bone in the body that does not articulate (form a joint) with another bone of
the body. Vertebrae: identify body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen,
transverse processes, spinous process, superior and inferior articular
processes, pedicles, intervertebral foramen. Be able to give the correct numbers
of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae. Be able to name
and identify the atlas and axis (dens), and identify the transverse foramina on
cervical vertebrae (what runs through these foramina?). In the sacrum be
able to identify: the sacral canal, the sacral hiatus, sacral promontory, ala,
body, anterior and posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest. On the
sternum identify: manubrium, xiphoid process, sternal angle, jugular (suprasternal)
angle, clavicular notch. For a rib be able to identify: shaft, neck, head,
tubercle. Which ribs are "true ribs" ? Why are they called this? Which ribs are
"false ribs"? "Floating ribs"? What are the technical names for these ribs?