9/5 - 9/8

Exercise 9: Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of  Bones and Cartilages

Know the two major divisions of the skeleton: the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Be able to recognize the difference between compact and spongy bone. Be able to define and give examples of the following types of bones: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid and wormian (sutural) bones. Be familiar with the bone markings listed in table 9.1: tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process, head, facet, condyle, ramus, sinus, meatus, fossa, groove, fissure, foramen.  Know the parts of the long bone: diaphysis, epipyhsis, epiphyseal plate (line), articular cartilage. Where would you find the periosteum? The endosteum? What tissue are these structures made of? Where would you find red marrow? What is the function of red marrow? Where would you find yellow marrow? What is the major component of yellow marrow? What does an osteoblast do? What does an osteoclast do? What component of bone gives it its hardness? Its flexibility? Review the structure of the osteon. If you did not look at bone under the microscope last week, be sure to do it this week. What is endocondral ossification? What bones are formed this way? What structures are remnants of the original hyaline cartilage model?  Be able to identify hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage, and identify their locations in the body.

Exercise 10:The Axial Skeleton

Be able to identify the following bones and the structures associated with them. Calvaria; anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae; frontal bone (supraorbital notch, glabella); parietal bone; temporal bone (squamous region, tympanic region, mastoid region, petrous region, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, stylomastoid foramen,  jugular foramen,  carotid canal,  internal acoustic meatus, foramen lacerum); occipital bone (foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital crest and protuberance{inion}); sphenoid bone (greater and lesser wings, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica [hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, tuberculum sellae], optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale); ethmoid bone (crista galli, cribriform plates, superior and middle nasal conchae); mandible (mandibular body, mandibuluar ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mental foramen); maxilla (palatine processes, incisive fossa, infraorbital foramen); palatine bone; zygomatic bone ( temporal process); lacrimal bone; nasal bone; vomer; inferior nasal conchae. Be able to identify the following sutures: coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid. List and locate where possible, the paranasal sinuses. Be able to recognize the hyoid bone and its parts: greater horn, lesser horn and body, and realize that it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate (form a joint) with another bone of the body. Vertebrae: identify body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, superior and inferior articular processes, pedicles, intervertebral foramen. Be able to give the correct numbers of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae. Be able to name and identify the atlas and axis (dens), and identify the transverse foramina on cervical vertebrae (what runs through these foramina?).  In the sacrum be able to identify: the sacral canal, the sacral hiatus, sacral promontory, ala, body, anterior and posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest. On the sternum identify: manubrium, xiphoid process, sternal angle, jugular (suprasternal) angle, clavicular notch. For a rib be able to identify: shaft, neck, head, tubercle. Which ribs are "true ribs" ? Why are they called this? Which ribs are "false ribs"? "Floating ribs"? What are the technical names for these ribs?