Human Structure and Function 1 Study Guide for Exam 2

Tissues:
Know the four types of tissue.
What are the two ways epithelial tissue functions in the human body ?
What are the general features of epithelial tissue? (Cells, matrix, basement membrane, nerve and blood supply etc.)
What are the two parts of the basement membrane, and what tissues secrete the two parts? Why is it important?
If I gave you the cell shape and number of layers, could you tell me the tissue type( e.g., simple squamous epithelium) ?
Be able to describe the function and location of the types of epithelial tissues as discussed in class and in your lab manual.
Know the difference between an exocrine and an endocrine gland, and know the three types of exocrine glands, e.g. apocrine, etc., and how they secrete their products. What cells are unicellular glands?
What is the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue in the body?
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Know the general characteristics of connective tissue. What is matrix? How does it affect the character of the connective tissue?
Know the difference between a -blast and a -cyte.
Understand the composition of the matrix of connective tissue. Know the three basic types of fibers and  major cell types. What are some of the compounds found in the ground substance?  Realize that most of the ground substance is usually a combination of a sugar and a protein, such as a glycoprotein. What do adhesion proteins do?
Know the different classifications of connective tissue, their functions, and where they are found. What makes cartilage and dense regular connective tissue such as tendons different from most connective tissues?
What is the basic unit of bone? What types of formed elements do we find in blood?
Know the three types of muscle tissue; how they are alike, and how they differ.  What do we find in an intercalated disc?
Know the basic parts and function of a neuron.
 
What is an organ?
Know the location, function and composition of mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes. How is a synovial membrane different from these? Where is it found?

Integumentary System:
Know the functions of skin and how it accomplishes that function. (Especially thermoregulation)
What vitamin is made by the skin? What does it do?
Know the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) and what tissues they are made of.
What are the five layers of the epidermis? How many layers do we see in thin skin? In thick skin? In general, know what is happening in the five layers of the epidermis, and be able to describe that layer. What granules are formed in the stratum granulosum, and what does each do? How does our skin become pigmented? Why does this occur?  What is cytocrine secretion?
What do Langerhans' cells or epidermal dendritic cells do?
What is the structure of the dermis, and what do we find there? What are epidermal derivatives? What do Meisner's (tactile)corpuscles   and Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles do? What are Merkel discs and where are they found?
What makes fingerprints? What are  fingerprints good for other than identification? Do identical twins have the same fingerprints? Why or why not?
What affects skin color, and why does it occur? What three pigments affect skin color? Be able to discuss erythema, pallor, cyanosis, jaundice, bronzing, bruising, pigmentation differences  (including vitiligo), and what happens when you eat too many carrots. (For each of these be able to say what color  the person turns and why.)
What is in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? How does it vary with gender?
Hair: know the function of hair, what protein it contains, the arrector pili muscles, and the growth cycle. How and why can hairs function as sensory receptors?
How are nails formed? What's the lunula? How are nails like hairs? What are they good for?
Glands: know the location, function and secretion of the sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, (eccrine and appocrine), mammary glands, and ceruminous glands.
Know the phases of deep wound healing and how wound healing progresses.
What is a scab? What is granulation tissue?
When will skin or any other organ form a scar?
Be able to define a first, second or third degree burn.
Be able to apply the rule of nines. Is it the same for an infant and an adult?
What is vernix caseosa, and why is it helpful? How does skin change during infancy and childhood? What affects how many sweat glands become active? How does aging affect skin? Why are the elderly more sensitive to the cold? How does UV exposure age skin?

Bone Tissue:
What two major types of cartilage are important in the skeleton? Where are they found? How do they function?
What are the functions of bone? What substances can bone store?
Know the classification of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, sutural (wormian) and sesamoid, and examples of each. Where do sesamoid bones form, and what do they do?
Know the parts of the long bones -diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, marrow (medullary) cavity, etc .
Know what a tuberosity, crest, meatus, sinus, foramen, head and condyle mean for bones. Know the terms in table 9.1 in your lab manual.
What are the four types of bone cells, and which one comes from a difference source? What is that source? What does each type of bone cell do? How are osteocytes connected to each other, and why is this important?
What are the organic and inorganic components of the matrix of bone? How do they each function?
What is the microscopic structure of compact bone? What is found in the central canal?    How do the collagen fibers differ in alternating lamellae, and what does this do for the bone?
How does the microscopic structure of spongy bone differ from that of compact bone? (hint: what is missing?) How do the osteocytes here get nutrients?
When would we find red marrow in the marrow cavity? Yellow marrow? What does red marrow do? Where would you obtain bone marrow for donation purposes? What is diploe?
What are the two types of ossification, and how do they occur? How are most bones formed? Which bones are NOT formed this way?
What is a fontanel and what does it do?
Where and how do long bones increase in length? How do you know when growth has stopped?
What is bone remodeling and when does it occur?
What vitamins are needed for bone formation?
How do parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and sex hormones affect bones?
What is osteoporosis?
How does a fracture heal? Know the steps of the process involved.
Know what bones make up the axial skeleton, and what bones make up the appendicular skeleton.
Skull: know the coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures.
Be able to locate (by bone) the cribriform plate, sella turcica, and foramen magnum.
What is unusual about the hyoid bone?
What is the structure of an intervertebral disc?
How many vertebrae make up the regions of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc.? Which have the most consistent number?
Know when the secondary curves of the spine develop.
What are scolisos, kyphosis and lordosis?
What are the three parts of the sternum?
What is a "true rib", a "false rib" and a "floating rib"?
Know which bones belong to the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Know the: humerus, olecranon process, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, talus, calcaneus, acetabulum, metatarsals.
What is the difference between a male's and a female's skeleton? What other part of the body mirrors this difference?
Joints:
Know the structural and functional classification of joints.
Be able to identify a suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis, synchondrosis,  and symphysis.
For the diarthroses, know the basic structure of a synovial joint, gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint and ball and socket joint, and at least one example of each.
Know the types of movements that we talked about in class.
Shoulder joint : know the capsule, glenoid labrum, where the ligaments are found, and what a rotator cuff is. What muscles make up the rotator cuff? Where is this joint's weakest point? Why is it so often dislocated?
What makes the hip a more stable joint? Don't forget the acetabular labrum! What does the ligamentum capitis (ligamentum teres femoris) actually do?
Knee joint : know in detail, articulations, ligaments, capsule and where they are found.
Look over the elbow, know what bones are involved and how they articulate, and the radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament and the annular ligament.