Study Guide For Human Structure and Function 1 Exam 3

Know the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics (striated, voluntary, etc.)
What two prefixes refer to muscle?
Know the functions of muscles . How do muscles maintain homeostasis of body temperature? Where is the control center for this|?
Know muscle characteristics: Excitability, Conductivity, contractility, extensibility,  and elasticity.
Where would you find the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium?
What is a tendon? What is it made of ?  What is an aponeurosis?
What is a muscle fiber? What are the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria? Describe a skeletal muscle fiber.
What is a myofibril and what causes the bands? What is a sarcomere? How are they arranged in a fibril?
What would you find in each band/zone/line ?
What are the thick filaments made of , and how are the molecules arranged? What two binding sites are located on the heads of these molecules?
What three proteins make up the thin filaments, and how are they arranged?
Several non-enzymatic proteins are found in muscle fibers. What do titin, nebulin, alpha-actinin, dystrophin, and integrins do? What causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What is a triad? What is stored in the lateral sacs or terminal cisternae? How does this substance function in muscle cells? Understand the role of the release channels and active transport pumps for this substance.What is calsequestrin and what does it do? Why is it important?
What is a motor unit?  How do motor units differ from each other? How many different muscle fiber types can a single motor unit contain?
What are the parts of the neuromuscular junction? What neurotransmitter is released here? Note that it is always excitatory here.
What happens when a motor nerve is stimulated (the whole story). These links may help:
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch21/sliding_filament_v2.html 
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch21/contracting_muscle.html
As the action potential travels down the t tubule it triggers the release of calcium through ryanodine and dihydropyridine receptors. What stimulus do they respond to? How do they interact?
How does a muscle cell relax ( a hot bath?). What enzyme located in the folds of the motor end plate is important for this?
Why do you get stiff after you die? What is this called?
In class we talked of substances that affect the NMJ. How do black widow spider venom, botulism toxin, curare, myesthenia gravis, neostigmine and organophosphates affect the NMJ?
What is the phosphagen system, and how does it work?
Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process? If there is no available oxygen, what is its end product?
What is cellular respiration? Is it an aerobic or anaerobic process? Where does it take place? (What organelle) Is it fast? Is it efficient?
What are the two sources of oxygen available to muscle?
What causes muscle fatigue?
Why do you need more oxygen when you are all done exercising? (other than to replace lost ATP...)
Be able to tell the difference between slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers. This may help:
http://lessons.harveyproject.org/development/muscle/fibtyp.swf
What is meant by a "threshold stimulus" ? If a brief stimulus is applied to a single muscle fiber, what happens?
What does it mean that muscle fiber contraction is all-or-none? What is a twitch contraction? What is treppe? Why does this occur?
In a myogram, what is happening during the latent period? During the contraction period? During the relaxation period? What is a refractory period? Why is a long refractory period in cardiac muscle beneficial?
What is tetanus, and why does it occur?
What is the relationship between tension and length of a muscle fiber? What happens if a muscle fiber is too short?  Stretched too long? Does this happen in the body? Why or why not?
What is recruitment or motor unit summation, and how is it used to produce graded contractions? What is asynchronous recruitment of motor units and why is it important? Can it occur if a muscle is fully contracted? Which type of muscle fibers are recruited first? Last?
Know the difference between isometric and isotonic (concentric and eccentric) contractions. 
Still to come:
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle