Study Guide For Human Structure and Function 1 Exam 3

Know the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics (striated, voluntary, etc.)
What two prefixes refer to muscle?
Know the functions of muscles . How do muscles maintain homeostasis of body temperature? Where is the control center for this|?
Know muscle characteristics: Excitability, Conductivity, contractility, extensibility,  and elasticity.
Where would you find the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium?
What is a tendon? What is it made of ?  What is an aponeurosis?
What is a muscle fiber? What are the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria? Describe a skeletal muscle fiber.
What is a myofibril and what causes the bands? What is a sarcomere? How are they arranged in a fibril?
What would you find in each band/zone/line ?
What are the thick filaments made of , and how are the molecules arranged? What two binding sites are located on the heads of these molecules?
What three proteins make up the thin filaments, and how are they arranged?
Several non-enzymatic proteins are found in muscle fibers. What do titin, nebulin, alpha-actinin, dystrophin, and integrins do? What causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What is a triad? What is stored in the lateral sacs or terminal cisternae? How does this substance function in muscle cells? Understand the role of the release channels and active transport pumps for this substance.What is calsequestrin and what does it do? Why is it important?
What is a motor unit?  How do motor units differ from each other? How many different muscle fiber types can a single motor unit contain?
What are the parts of the neuromuscular junction? What neurotransmitter is released here? Note that it is always excitatory here.
What happens when a motor nerve is stimulated (the whole story). These links may help:
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch21/sliding_filament_v2.html 
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch21/contracting_muscle.html
As the action potential travels down the t tubule it triggers the release of calcium through ryanodine and dihydropyridine receptors. What stimulus do they respond to? How do they interact?
How does a muscle cell relax ( a hot bath?). What enzyme located in the folds of the motor end plate is important for this?
Why do you get stiff after you die? What is this called?
In class we talked of substances that affect the NMJ. How do black widow spider venom, botulism toxin, curare, myesthenia gravis, neostigmine and organophosphates affect the NMJ?
What is the phosphagen system, and how does it work?
Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process? If there is no available oxygen, what is its end product?
What is cellular respiration? Is it an aerobic or anaerobic process? Where does it take place? (What organelle) Is it fast? Is it efficient?
What are the two sources of oxygen available to muscle?
What causes muscle fatigue?
Why do you need more oxygen when you are all done exercising? (other than to replace lost ATP...)
Be able to tell the difference between slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers. This may help:
http://lessons.harveyproject.org/development/muscle/fibtyp.swf
What is meant by a "threshold stimulus" ? If a brief stimulus is applied to a single muscle fiber, what happens?
What does it mean that muscle fiber contraction is all-or-none? What is a twitch contraction? What is treppe? Why does this occur?
In a myogram, what is happening during the latent period? During the contraction period? During the relaxation period? What is a refractory period? Why is a long refractory period in cardiac muscle beneficial?
What is tetanus, and why does it occur?
What is the relationship between tension and length of a muscle fiber? What happens if a muscle fiber is too short?  Stretched too long? Does this happen in the body? Why or why not?
What is recruitment or motor unit summation, and how is it used to produce graded contractions? What is asynchronous recruitment of motor units and why is it important? Can it occur if a muscle is fully contracted? Which type of muscle fibers are recruited first? Last?
Know the difference between isometric and isotonic (concentric and eccentric) contractions. 
Cardiac muscle: How is cardiac muscle like skeletal muscle? How is it different? What features do we see in cardiac muscle that we do not see in skeletal or smooth muscle? Why is the length-tension relationship important to heart muscle? Why is it not as important to skeletal muscle? What type of respiration is used by the heart? What is meant by a functional syncytium? What is the shape of  the cardiac muscle action potential graph? What happens to account for the initial peak? What is happening during the plateau phase? During the repolarization? How long does the refractory period last? Why is this a good thing? Where does the calcium that causes cardiac muscle contraction come from? What is calcium-induced calcium release? How does the relationship of the DHP channels to the RyR channels differ in cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle? How is Ca2+ removed from the cardiac muscle fiber?
How will increased levels of extracellular potassium ion affect the heart? Increased extracellular Ca2+?
What is inotropy? What would have a positive inotropic effect? A negative inotropic effect?
What is Starling's Law?
Why, under normal conditions, are the contractile filaments of cardiac muscle only partially activated?
What are the primary substrates for normal aerobic respiration in the heart?
Smooth muscle:
How does smooth muscle differ from both cardiac and skeletal muscle? What structures are lacking in smooth muscle? What are intermediate filaments and dense bodies, and how do they function in smooth muscle? How does a smooth muscle fiber contract when it is isolated? When it is attached in a tissue? What function do gap junctions have in smooth muscle? What is single-unit smooth muscle? Multi-unit smooth muscle? Where in the body would you find examples of each ?
How does the length of smooth muscle contraction compare to skeletal muscle? Why is this the case? What is a slow wave in smooth muscle?
How do calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase function in smooth muscle? What is meant by "myosin-linked regulation" ? What  regulates changes in the force of contraction of smooth muscle? ( What is happening in the smooth muscle cell that accounts for differences in the force of contraction?)
What is smooth muscle tone? What is tonus?
What stimuli can cause smooth muscle to contract?
What are the various ways calcium ions can enter a smooth muscle cell? What are the ways that they leave?
Other:
What is meant by the terms origin and insertion? What are prime movers, synergists and antagonists in terms of muscles?
How are skeletal muscle fibers formed? How do smooth and cardiac muscle fibers develop? How do skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle repair themselves?  How does muscle and muscle function change over a person's life time?
What is the biological basis for the differences in strength between men and women?
Nervous System:
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Be able to divide the nervous system into parts as we did in class. What effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the body? The parasympathetic nervous system?
What two general  types of cells make up nervous tissue?
What are glial cells? Which ones are found in the central nervous system? In the peripheral nervous system? What does each of the six types of neuroglia do?
What are some of the characteristics of neurons? What three parts make up a neuron?
What do we find in the cell body of a neuron? Especially, what is chromatophilic substance or Nissl bodies , and  lipofuscin ? How does the cell body function in the transmission of impulses?
What is the function of dendrites?  What are dendritic spines? What are they for, and how fast do they form?
How does the axon function in the neuron? How many axons does a neuron have?
What are axon collaterals, terminal branches or telodenria, and synaptic end bulbs( knobs or boutons) ? Be able to label a diagram of a neuron like the one in exercise 17 of your lab manual.
What is a nerve fiber? What is a nerve? What is a ganglion? What is a tract?
What is slow axonal transport? What does it do for the cell, and which way does it go?
What is fast axonal transport? What does it do for the cell, and which way(s) does it go? What is good and bad about this?
END EXAM 3