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Chapter 21
Who has a greater amount of water, a baby or an adult?  Baby, quite a bit more.
A man or a woman? Why?  A man has more water because he has more muscle. Women, unfortunately, tend to have more fat, which repels water.
What are the two main locations for water in the body? Extracellular and Intracellular (this is where most of our water is. )
One of these can be broken down into two more compartments- what are they? Extracellular can be divided into intravascular and interstitial (and transcellular) fluid.
Which of the three fluid compartments tends to vary the most? Interstitial fluid
What are the two factors that control water movement between the three compartments?
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure (due to concentration of solutes)
How do we lose water? What is the main way we control water loss?  We can't change how much we sweat or breathe, or how much water is lost in feces, so we conserve water by losing less through urine (making a concentrated urine)
 What three hormones are involved, and how do they work? ADH  allows us to reabsorb water from the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. Aldosterone causes us to reabsorb (retain in the body) Sodium (and water).
ANP is the sodium (and  water) losing hormone.
What are electrolytes? These are substance that break up (dissociate) into charged particles (ions) in solution.

Which is the bigger problem, acids or bases? Why? Acids are because we produce more acids (and CO2) through metabolism.
What is a buffer system? How does it work?  A buffer system is made up of a pair of substances - one that can handle acids and the other handles bases. They exchange a strong acid or base for a weak acid or base.
 How much more bicarbonate ion than carbonic acid does the blood contain?  We need to maintain a ratio of 20:1 bicarbonate to carbonic acid for this buffer system to be able to handle all the acids we make.
Why are kidneys the most efficient and important of the acid-base regulatory systems?
They can get the excess acid out of the body while conserving bicarbonate and it can make more bicarb if necessary.
What do we mean by acidosis or alkalosis? Does blood ever get very acidic? Acidosis is any pH below 7.35, which is still on the alkaline side of neutral (pH 7). Alkalosis is any pH above 7.45

That's it!  I'm done!  I quit!  Now you work!!