These questions are to help you quiz yourself. To see my answers, select the area underneath the question using your mouse. (click and drag)  Don't print this out, or the answers will be visible as well!enated blood from the placenta. It is also high in nutrients, and low in wastes.

Chapter 17 
What is stratified squamous epithelium good for, and where would we find it in the gastrointestinal tract?
It is very good for resisting abrasion. We find it in the mouth, esophagus and anus.
Sonya : "Dr. Gilmore, you said there was another name for the gastrointestinal tract; it was the something canal. What is it?  It's alimentary, my dear Watson!
What is digestion?  The mechanical and chemical breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules.
You have gotten all worried about your anatomy and physiology exam, and stimulated your sympathetic nervous system. How will this affect your digestive system? Your mouth will produce only a little, very thick, saliva, your stomach won't secrete or move, and neither will your intestines.
What is another name for the serosa? What is its function? It is the visceral peritoneum. It produces a watery fluid for lubrication, so your intestines can wiggle around  to their heart's content.
Put these terms in order : deglutition, defecation, mastication, ingestion  
Ingestion (eating), mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing),  and defecation (expelling feces)
You look in your mouth (in a mirror) and see puffy masses between the anterior and posterior pillars. What are you looking at? Your palatine tonsils. Looks like you are fighting off an infection!
You have been tongue-tied all your life. You are going to a doctor who will cut your             ?
Lingual frenulum
What (usually) keeps the milk from coming out your nose when you swallow?
Your soft palate and the uvula rise and block off your nasal cavity.
The hardest substance in your body is ? The enamel covering the surface of your teeth.
Oh no! You caught the mumps! What is swollen? Your parotid salivary gland.
What digestive enzyme is found in saliva and what does it break down? Salivary amylase breaks down starch, but only as long as you are chewing, or until your stomach acid stops its action.
Where is the esophagus located in relation to the trachea? Poke your throat. Feel the cartilagenous rings that keep your trachea open? The esophagus is hiding behind (posterior to ) the trachea.
What opening in the diaphragm does the esophagus pass through? The esophageal hiatus.
What happens when the lower esophageal sphincter gets weak? Stomach acid can come back up into the esophagus, burning the lining of the esophagus, and causing "acid reflux disease."
How many muscles layers do we see in the stomach? 3 = circular, longitudinal and oblique
You are really down in the gastric pits. What kind of cells do you see there, and what do they make?
You would see  goblet cells producing mucus, parietal cells producing  HCl and  chief cells making  pepsinogen - the inactive form of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin, and G cells secreting gastrin.
What is the primary type of biological molecule broken down in the stomach? Proteins, really, only proteins
What do you get when you mix food and gastric juice? chyme
During what phase of digestion are gastric motility and secretion inhibited (deacreased)?   The intestinal phase
The parietal cells need a really unusual substance before they make Hydrochloric acid. What is it? Histamine!
You had your first meal at a new restaurant in town. That was three hours ago, and you still feel fairly full. Was your meal a really good value, or is there another explanation? Chances are the meal was high in fat, which delay the emptying of the stomach.
Your friend says that buying enteric coated aspirin is a waste of money, since the only place that anything is absorbed is in the intestines anyway. Is she right or wrong ? Wrong! Aspirin and some other lipid soluble drugs are absorbed from the stomach, as is alcohol (so don't drink on an empty stomach - it is absorbed faster!)
What do unpleasant sights and smells, some drugs, viruses and bacteria all have in common?
 They cause vomiting!
You want to collect some "juice" that will break down all four groups of organic molecules. Where would be the best place to look for it? Collect it from the pancreas. The enzymes in the intestines are part of the cell membranes in the brush border, and the stomach only digests proteins and the saliva only digests starches.
Let's play Jeopardy! The answer is: right, left, quadrate and caudate? What are the four lobes of your liver, Alex ?
Which goes toward your liver - the hepatic vein or the hepatic portal vein? The hepatic portal vein, after draining most of the organs in your abdomen.
Name the digestive enzymes produced by the liver. Trick question! The liver does not make digestive enzymes, just bile that breaks up (physically, not chemically) globs of fat (emulsification).
True or false: the gallbladder makes bile. False, it only holds and concentrates it. Bile is made by the liver.
Ileum, colon, ilium, cecum, jejunum and duodenum. Put these in the order the food passes through them. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon.  Throw ilium out of this list, it's a hip bone (and in the future, watch your spelling!)
What do the plicae circulares, vili and microvili all do for the intestine? They increase surface area for absorption..
Here you are wandering around in the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Yuck! What is in all this liquid? 
It is slightly alkaline, and has mucus and lysozyme, but no other enzymes. It has a lot of water for dissolving molecules for absoption.
 

Most of the absorption of nutrients takes place where? In the small intestine. Only water, alcohol, and some lipid soluble drugs are absorbed in the stomach, and the large intestine absorbs water and whatever the bacteria break down for us.

What are the monomers the four major organic molecules are broken into before they can be absorbed?
Proteins - amino acids;  carbohydrates - simple sugars: monosaccharides or disaccharides; lipids - monoglycerides and fatty acids; nucleic acids - sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
What is the technical name for the "lace apron'?
The greater omentum.
Where do the monomers go when they are absorbed into the body? Most go into the capillaries in the villi, so they are absorbed directly into the blood stream. However, fats are taken into the lacteals in the villi - these are lymphatic vessels, so fats first enter the lymphatic system, then are dumped into the circulatory system.
The fold of peritoneum that surrounds the small intestines and anchor them to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity is called the: mesentery.
What is the name for the bend in the large intestine located between the ascending colon and the transverse colon? The hepatic flexure or right colic flexure.
What is the first part of the large intestine? The cecum.
What  movements are unique to the large intestine ? Haustral churning and mass movement or mass peristalsis.
Most of the digestion that takes place in the large intestine is due to:
The bacteria that live in our colon. They digest substances that we cannot and manufacture vitamins for us, such as vitamin K. I guess that's how they pay their rent!
What do the kidneys, the duodenum, pancreas, and the ascending and descending colon all have in common? They are all retroperitoneal, that is , located behind the parietal peritoneum and are outside the peritoneal cavity.
What structures would help you recognize the large intestine if you were dissecting a cadaver?
The pouches or haustra, the bands of muscle -  the teniae coli,  and the little dangling sacs of fat called the epiploic appendages.