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Chapter 13
You are carrying for a patient that has liver failure and takes replacement
hormone therapy. Why is this a potentially dangerous situation?
Most of the hormones in the body are secreted on a
fairly continuous basis. They are also continuously removed from the body by
being broken down in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. If the liver is not
breaking down the hormones as usual, they could accumulate to dangerous levels
within the body.
Why do hormones, which are carried everywhere in the body by the blood, affect
only certain organs?
The target organs for those hormones produce specific
receptor proteins or glycoproteins for that hormone. For protein hormones these
receptors are placed in the cell membrane; for steroid hormones they are found
within the cell.
Locate the pituitary gland. What bony structure protects it?
The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
Describe the structure of the posterior pituitary gland. Where are its hormones produced?
The posterior pituitary gland is nervous tissue. It is
a direct extension of the hypothalamus; in fact the cell bodies that form the
axons found in the post. pit. gland are located in the hypothalamus. Technically
then, since the nissl substance or rough E.R. is located in the cell body of the
neuron and that is the only place that proteins can be produced, the hormones of
the post. pit. are made by the hypothalamus, and merely stored and released from
the post. pit. or neurohypophysis.
Why can we say "You don't buy beer, you just rent it?"
Substances such as alcohol and caffeine suppress the
secretion of ADH. When ADH is not present, the distal convoluted tubules and
collecting ducts of the kidneys do not reabsorb water, and large quantities of
urine are produced.
What is a tropic
hormone?
A tropic hormone is one that causes another endocrine
gland to secrete its hormone.
Name a hormone produced by the:
Thyroid gland, other than T3 or T4: calcitonin
Pineal gland:
melatonin
The heart:
atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
The neurohypophysis: oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone
ADH
The pancreas, other than insulin: glucagon or
somatostatin
The adenhypophysis that affects the ovaries:
LH or FSH
The parathyroid gland:
Parathyroid hormone
The adrenal cortex:
aldosterone, cortisol (or
mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids) or androgens
The adrenal medulla:
epinephrine or norepinephrine
The ovaries:
estrogen, progesterone, relaxin
The testes:
Testosterone
The kidney:
erythropoietin ( increases red blood cell production)
and renin
What inorganic substance is critical for the formation of the thyroid hormones
T3 and T4? Where can you get this substance? : Iodine
- we get it from iodized salt or seafood.
A man in his 50's develops diabetes, and his doctor puts him on oral
medication. What type of diabetes does he have? Type
II or noninsulin dependent diabetes. This can be treated with oral medication.
Insulin, which is used to treat type I diabetes, must be injected.
What two endocrine glands secrete their hormones in the dark? the
anterior pituitary - growth hormone; and the pineal gland - melatonin.
What part of the brain is the main regulator
of our response to stress? the hypothalamus