Study Guide for Exam 3      A&P1    Spring 2008

Updated  3/31/08
Chapter 7
Know the classification of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, sutural (wormian) and sesamoid, and examples of each.
Know the parts of the long bones -diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, marrow (medullary) cavity, etc .
Know what a tuberosity, crest, meatus, sinus, foramen, head and condyle mean for bones.
What are the four types of bone cells, and which one comes from a difference source? What is that source?
What are the organic and inorganic components of the matrix of bone?
What is the microscopic structure of compact bone? What is found in the central canal?  How does the microscopic structure of spongy bone differ from that of compact bone? (hint: what is missing? why?)
When would we find red marrow in the marrow cavity? Yellow marrow? What does red marrow do?
What are the two types of ossification, and how do they occur? How are most bones formed?
What is a fontanel and what does it do?
Where and how do long bones increase in length? How do you know when growth has stopped?
What is bone remodeling and when does it occur?
What vitamins are needed for bone formation?
How do parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and sex hormones affect bones?
What is osteoporosis?
How does a fracture heal?
What are the 5  functions of bones?
Know what bones make up the axial skeleton, and what bones make up the appendicular skeleton.
Skull: know the coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures.
Be able to locate (by bone) the cribriform plate, sella turcica, and foramen magnum.
What is unusual about the hyoid bone?
What is the structure of an intervertebral disc?
How many vertebrae make up the regions of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc.?
Know when the secondary curves of the spine develop.
Locate the intervertebral foramen.
What are the three parts of the sternum?
What is a "true rib", a "false rib" and a "floating rib"?
Know which bones belong to the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Know the: humerus, olecranon process, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, talus, calcaneus, acetabulum, metatarsals.
What is the difference between a male's and a female's skeleton? What other part of the body mirrors this difference?
 

Chapter 8
Know the structural and functional classification of joints.
Be able to identify a suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis, synchondrosis, synchondrosis and symphysis.
For the diarthroses, know the basic structure of a synovial joint, gliding joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint and ball and socket joint, and at least one example of each.
Know the types of movements that we talked about in class.
Shoulder joint : know the capsule, glenoid labrum, where the ligaments are found, and what a rotator cuff is. Where is this joint's weakest point? Why is it so often dislocated?
What makes the hip a more stable joint? Don't forget the acetabular labrum!
Knee joint : know in detail, articulations, ligaments, capsule and where they are found.
Look over the elbow, know what bones are involved and how they articulate, and the radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament and the annular ligament.

Chapter 9 
Know the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics.
Know the functions of muscles and their characteristics: Excitability, Conductivity, contractility, extensibility, Elasticity forgot to mention these in class - some explanation on overheads for muscle - rest should be obvious.
Know the functions of muscle tissue.
Where would you find the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium?
What is a tendon? What is an aponeurosis?
What is a motor unit?
What are the parts of the neuromuscular junction? What neurotransmitter is released here?
What is a muscle fiber? What are the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum? What is a myofibril and what causes the bands? What would you find in each band/zone/line ?
What are the thick filaments made of , and how are the molecules arranged?
What three proteins make up the thin filaments, and how are they arranged?
What are elastic filaments and what do they do?
What is a triad?
What happens when a motor nerve is stimulated (the whole story).
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in maintaining Ca++ levels in the muscle cell?
How does a muscle cell relax ( a hot bath?).
What is calsequestrin and what does it do?
Why do you get stiff after you die?
How do muscles maintain homeostasis of body temperature? Where is the control center for this?
What does it mean that muscle contraction is all-or-none?
What is the phosphagen system, and how does it work?
Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process? If there is no available oxygen, what is its end product?
What is cellular respiration? Is it an aerobic or anaerobic process? Where does it take place? (What organelle) Is it fast? Is it efficient?
What are the two sources of oxygen available to muscle?
Why do you need more oxygen when you are all done exercising?
What is a twitch contraction?
In a myogram, what is happening during the latent period? During the contraction period? During the relaxation period? What is a refractory period?
What is tetanus, and why does it occur?
What is the relationship between tension and length of a muscle fiber?
What is recruitment, and how is it used to produce graded contractions?
Know the difference between isometric and isotonic (concentric and eccentric) contractions. 
Be able to tell the difference between slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers.
 

END EXAM III