Study Guide for A&P1 Exam 2 Fall 2007

Chapter 5:
Know the four types of tissue and the material in table 5.1.
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
What are the general features of epithelial tissue? (Cells, matrix, basement membrane, nerve and blood supply etc.)
If I gave you the cell shape and number of layers, could you tell me the tissue type, e.g., simple squamous epithelium ?
Be able to describe the function and location of the types of epithelial tissues as listed in table 5.4 and as discussed in class.
Know the difference between an exocrine and an endocrine gland, and know the three types of exocrine glands, e.g. apocrine, etc.
Know the general characteristics of connective tissue.
Know the difference between a -blast and a -cyte.
Understand the composition of the matrix of connective tissue. Know the three basic types of fibers and  major cell types, but you don't have to memorize all the names of the ground substances, other than hylauronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Realize that most of the ground substance is usually a combination of a sugar and a protein, such as a glycoprotein.
Know the different classifications of connective tissue, their functions, and where they are found. What makes cartilage and dense regular connective tissue such as tendons different from most connective tissues?
What is the basic unit of bone? What types of formed elements do we find in blood?
Know the three types of muscle tissue. What do we find in an intercalated disc?
Know the basic parts and function of a neuron.
What is an organ?
Know the location, function and composition of mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes. How is a synovial membrane different from these? Where is it found?


Chapter 4:
Review metabolism, catabolism, anabolism.
Review the four types of organic molecules, and be able to tell which monomers form the polymers.
What is hydrolysis? Dehydration synthesis?
Review enzymes.
What is a cofactor? A coenzyme? What does the body use to make coenzymes, and how much of these substances do we need?
What factors can change the way enzymes function?
What is the "energy currency" of the cell? Why?
Express cellular respiration as a chemical formula.
What are the four steps of cellular respiration? Which take place in the cytosol, and which occur in the mitochondria?
What is a Redox reaction?
How does a substance become reduced? Oxidized? In a cell, can one occur without the other?
What do NAD+ and FAD do in cellular respiration?
Where is oxygen used in cellular respiration?
What is oxygen debt? What substance is formed if oxygen is in short supply?
Glycolysis starts with a six carbon glucose molecule. What is the end product of glycolysis? Does glycolysis by itself require oxygen?
What are the products of the Krebs or Citric acid cycle?
How does the electron transport chain work?
What is the energy that is released during oxidative phosphorylation used for? What form does wasted energy take?
What is chemiosmosis? Where does it take place?
What substances can be broken down to obtain energy by cellular respiration?
Which is more efficient: glycolysis (fermentation) alone or the entire process of cellular respiration?  
What is a gene? What is a codon? What is a genome?
What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
What substances make up the "backbone" of DNA and RNA?
Be able to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA, and transcribe mRNA. What is a promoter? Know what an intron and an exon are.
Know the steps involved in translation, and the major players. Where does it take place? 
What are the three types of RNA? What does each do?
What is a polysome? 
To help you review transcription and translation, go to http://www.doegenomes.org  Scroll down to the site directory and click on education. Under quick links click on Videos, Webcasts, Graphics and Animations. You should see three topics:

I would suggest you look at all three.
When and how is DNA replicated?
What are mutations? Does a mutation always make a change in a protein? Why not? What happens if a mutation occurs in a somatic or body cell? If it occurs in a sex cell or gamete?
What can cause a mutation?
Why don't we see more mutations?

 

Chapter 6:
Know the functions of skin and how it accomplishes that function. (Especially thermoregulation)
What vitamin is made by the skin? What does it do?
Know the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) and what tissues they are made of.
What are the five layers of the epidermis? How many layers do we see in thin skin? In thick skin? In general, know what is happening in the five layers of the epidermis. How does our skin become pigmented? Why does this occur?  What is cytocrine secretion?
What is the structure of the dermis, and what do we find there?
What makes fingerprints? What are they good for?
What is in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer?
Hair: know the function of hair, what protein it contains, the arrector pili muscles, and the growth cycle.
How are nails formed? What's the lunula? How are nails like hairs? What are they good for?
Glands: know the location, function and secretion of the sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, (eccrine and appocrine), mammary glands, and ceruminous glands.
What factors affect skin color? Know what cyanosis and jaundice are. What can eating too many carrots cause?
Know the phases of deep wound healing and how wound healing progresses.
What is a scab? What is granulation tissue?
When will skin or any other organ form a scar?
Be able to define a first, second or third degree burn.
Be able to apply the rule of nines. Is it the same for an infant and an adult?
How does aging affect skin?

END OF EXAM II