Quizzes for  Exam 1 A&P I

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Chapter 1:

The study of where body parts are is :  anatomy
The study of how the body functions, often on a chemical level, is called: physiology

Atoms → molecules →  organelles →  cells  →  tissues →  organs →  organ systems→ organisms

Chemical reactions that break large molecules down into smaller molecules, usually with the release of energy are called: catabolism
When a process continues to completion, like blood clotting, it uses a positive feedback loop.

When a process reverses a change in the body it is using a negative feedback loop.

The head is superior to the chest.
The eyes are lateral to the nose.
The ankle is distal to the knee.
Your right hand and right foot are ipsilateral.
In the anatomical positon, the palms of the hands are: anterior (or forward, NOT up or out!)
Your kidneys are posterior to your stomach. See fig. 1.12 in your text.
Identify the following body regions using common terms:
cephalic - head
cervical - neck
otic - ear
axillary - arm pit
patellar - front of the knee or knee cap
femoral - thigh
tarsal - ankle
popliteal - back of the knee

The body plane that would divide the body into right and left portions is the : sagittal plane
The parietal peritoneum would be found: against the wall of the abdominal cavity
You have a patient that has a fever of 101 ^oF. Is this a sign or symptom? Sign
Your patient has a headache and nausea. Is this a sign or symptom? Symptom

Chapter 2
 What is potential energy? Stored energy
Na stands for: sodium
C stands for: carbon
Cl stands for: chlorine
 What determines how an atom interacts with other atoms? The number of electrons in its outermost shell
Isotopes of an element have the same number of electrons and protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Substances that break into positively and negatively charged particles in solution are called: electrolytes
When atoms share electrons they form a: covalent bond.
Where is the energy stored in a molecule, say, of glucose? In its chemical bonds
AOH + BH → AB +H₂O is what kind of reaction?  dehydration synthesis
A solution with a pH of 5 is considered to be : acidic
pH is based on the concentration or amount of what? Hydrogen ion ( H+)
 Hydrophilic molecules tend to be polar or nonpolar? Polar
What element is the basis for organic molecules? Carbon
What is the chemical formula for a carbohydrate? C_x(H₂0)_y
Steroids belong to what class of organic molecules? Lipids
A fatty acid in which all the carbon atoms hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible is called a saturated fatty acid.
What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids
Why is the structure of a protein important? The structure determines the function. If the structure is changed, the enzyme will not work properly.
What substance is the "energy currency" of the cell? ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Chapter 3
What is the basic, living, structural and functional unit of the body? Cells
What are prokaryotic cells? These are bacterial cells. They do not have a membrane around their DNA, nor do they contain membrane bound organelles like eukaryotic cells do.
What is the structure of the plasma membrane of a cell? Proteins "floating" in phospholipids
What do tight junctions prevent?  Substances from passing between cells.
What are gap junctions?  Connections between the cytoplasm of two cells that allows substances and electrical iulses t

What type of substance can simply pass through the cell membrane?
Substances that are lipid soluble, or are small and nonpolar, because most of the cell plasma membrane is phospholipid.
What is diffusion?
The random movement of molecules or atoms from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is a passive process due to the fact that molecules have kinetic energy (temperature measures kinetic energy) and move around.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion that refers to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
I place a cell into a hypertonic solution. What will happen to it and why?
Hypertonic means that there is a greater concentration of particles (ions, atoms, molecules) in the solution outside the cell compared to the concentration inside the cell. Since the solution outside the cell has more particles, it has less water. (The water is less concentrated.) Water will move from inside the cell, where it is more concentrated, to the outside solution where it is less concentrated, so the cell will lose water and shrivel up. A slice of potato will get soft and floppy because so much water has left.)
What is  Facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion works on the same principles as simple diffusion, except that the substance is taken across the membrane by a protein carrier molecule whose shape matches that substance. (In other words, that carrier is specific for that substance) Because we are still moving substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, no additional energy is required.
What is the difference between passive and active transport processes?
Passive processes move substances down a concentration gradient (down hill), and do not require energy. Active transport moves substances up a concentration gradient (up hill), and requires the input of energy in the form of ATP. The molecules that do the moving are often called "pumps" because of the "up hill" movement of substances.
What are homologous chromosomes?
These are members of a pair of chromosomes that carry the same type of information. You received one member of the pair from your father, and one from your mother. The genes may take different forms ( blonde vs. brunette), but they carry information for the same thing (hair color).
When in the cell cycle is DNA copied?
This occurs during the S phase of Interphase. Remember - "S" stands for "synthesis" and what is being made or synthesized is more DNA.
 What are stem cells? What is the difference between a stem cell that is pluripotent and one that is totipotent?  Stem cells are immature, undifferentiated cells that can produce cells that will differentiate into different kinds of cells. A stem cell that is pluripotent has already differentiated somewhat, and can only produce certain kinds of cells, such as any type of blood cell. A totipotent cell can form any type of mature cell: blood, bone, nervous, skin etc.
What is a telomere, and what does it do? Telomeres are repeating sequences of nucleic acids found on the ends of chromosomes. As the cell divides, some of these wear off. When most or all of the telomeres are gone, the cell stops dividing. Some cells have an enzyme, called telomerase, that puts the telomeres back on, and the cell can divide indefinitely. This is a type of cell "immortality".
What is apoptosis? Apoptosis (pronounced  Ā- pō -tō - sĭs) is a programmed cell death. The cell dies at a certain time, often during embryonic development, but does not rupture and cause inflammation, it just shrinks up and is cleaned up by phagocytic cells.
What are growth factors, and how do they affect cell division? Growth factors are chemicals produced by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide. Dogs have epithelial growth factors in their saliva, so that when they lick their wounds, the skin cells are encouraged to reproduce and close the wound.
What is contact inhibition? When most cells are in contact with other cells on all sides, it is a signal to them to stop dividing. This way, when a wound is closed the cells stop instead of piling up on top of each other. Cancer cells tend to lose this inhibition.
What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
Benign tumors tend to grow slowly, and stay in one place. Malignant tumors, or cancer, invades local tissues, grows rapidly, and can use the blood stream or lymphatic system to travel to other locations in the body (metastasize)
What do oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes do?
Oncogenes are "cancer genes" that tell the cell to keep dividing. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit or put the brakes on cell division. To keep our cells healthy, we want to keep oncogenes turned "off" and tumor suppressor genes turned "on".
What can cause a cell to lose control over cell division?
Many things, usually involving damage to the cell's DNA. Natural mutations, damage by ultraviolet radiation (like in sunlight), toxic chemicals, and certain viruses can all cause a cell to turn into a tumor cell.