Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Study Guide for Exam I

Updated  9/05/07

Chapter 1
Define anatomy and physiology.
Know the levels of organization in the body.
What processes distinguish living things from nonliving things?
What is metabolism? What is meant by catabolism? Anabolism?
What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?
What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system? Which one is more common in the body?
Can you give an example of how a negative feedback loop works? A positive feedback loop?
Define the anatomical position; pay special attention to the position of the hands.
Know the positional terms discussed in class ( superior, anterior, etc.)
Be able to locate the following regions on the body:cephalic, frontal, occipital, cervical, otic, axillary, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, patellar, femoral, crural, tarsal, umbilical, cubital, carpal, dorsum, lumbar, inguinal, patellar, crural, popliteal, and plantar.
Know the planes of the body.
Know the body cavities and what separates them. Have a general idea of what is located in the cavities.
Know the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes.
Know the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.
What is a sign? What is a symptom?

Chapter 2
What is matter?
What is kinetic energy? What is potential energy?
Know the chemical symbols for the elements in table 2.2 of your book.
Know the structure of the atom. What determines how an atom interacts with other atoms?
What is an isotope? What does an element's atomic number and mass number tell you?
What is a compound? An electrolyte?
What is an ion? A cation? An anion?
How do ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds form?
Where is the energy stored in a molecule, say, of glucose?
Be able to recognize synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, reversible reactions and exchange reactions. Also, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.
What is an acid? A base? A salt?
What makes water so wonderful?
What is pH? How is the pH scale set up? What is a neutral pH? an acidic pH?  an alkaline pH?
What do we mean when we say a molecule is polar? Nonpolar? Hydrophilic? Hydrophobic? Amphipathic?
What element is the basis for organic molecules?
What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
What are carbohydrates? What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?
What elements do carbohydrates contain? In what ratio?
What are the different classes of lipids? What elements do lipids contain?
What are the building blocks of triglycerides? What do we use as a starting molecule when we make steroid hormones ( such as testosterone and estrogen) ?
What is meant by saturation and unsaturation of fatty acids?
What are the building blocks of proteins? What is the basic structure of an amino acid, and how do the twenty amino acids vary? What element is always found in proteins but not in carbohydrates or lipids?
What kind of bond do amino acids form with each other?
What are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins?
Why is the structure of a protein important? What happens when a protein is denatured?
What can you tell me about enzymes, what they are and how they work? (See beginning of Chapter 4 for help)
What are the building blocks for nucleic acids? How are DNA and RNA the same, and how are they different (3 ways)?
Why is ATP important? When ATP releases energy, into what two substances does it break down?

Chapter 3
What is the basic, living, structural and functional unit of the body?
What are prokaryotic cells? What are eukaryotic cells?
What is the structure of the plasma membrane of a cell? What substance makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane? Integral proteins? Peripheral proteins? How does the body recognize its own cells as opposed to transplanted cells?
What are tight junctions, and what do they prevent? What are desmosomes? What are gap junctions?  What are CAMs and what do they do?
What do we mean when we say is there an electrochemical gradient across cell membranes?
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
How can substances enter and leave the cell? What type of substance can simply pass through the cell membrane?
What is diffusion? What is osmosis?
What happens to cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?
What is Filtration? Facilitated diffusion?
What is the difference between passive and active transport processes?
Which processes are active, and which are passive?
Know what the terms endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, transcytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis mean.
Know the basic structure and function of : the cytosol, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, flagella, vesicles, cell inclusions, nucleus and nucleolus.
Know the cell cycle. What are homologous chromosomes?
When in the cell cycle is DNA copied?
What happens during prophase? Metaphase? Anaphase? Telophase?
MOVED FROM STUDY 2 the rest of chapter 3:
What is meant by cell differentiation? What are stem cells? What is the difference between a stem cell that is pluripotent and one that is totipotent? 
How many times can a cell divide?
What is a telomere, and what does it do?
What is apoptosis?
What are growth factors, and how do they affect cell division?
What is contact inhibition?
What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
What do oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes do?
What can cause a cell to lose control over cell division?
 

END OF EXAM I  NOTE- All of chapter 3 will be on the exam!