HISTORY 1023

AFRICA
by Basil Davidson

Film Guide

I.    Episode 3:  "Caravans of Gold" (text of film & questions)
NORTHWEST AFRICA

    Main trading city is Jenne.  Even today you can see the gold smiths working on jewelry.  There were rich gold fields along the Niger River.  The Niger River flows through W. Africa, c. 2,600 mi. from Guinea through Mali, Niger, and Nigeria into the Gulf of Guinea.

    In 1250 AD new gold fields were discovered South of Jenne which enriched the ancient kingdom of Ashanti.  Even today the king of Ashanti carries on the ancient traditions.

    In the 14th century Ibn Batuta, a traveling scholar from Morocco described the royal court of Ashanti which accurately describes the same ceremony today.  The kingdom of Mali was described as four months travel wide and four months long.  Running through it was the great Niger River which supplied fish that were smoked, dried and sold.  The Niger River runs through the ancient kingdom of Mali.  It is over 2500 miles long.  The Niger River trade included Ivory, cotton, iron, copper, foods, gold, sorghum, cola nuts, and other food stuffs.  The film pointed that the women wear huge gold ornaments without concern.  That they will be robbed.  They quote Ibn Batuta whose memoirs describe W Africa as it was 600 years ago.  He wrote:

Of all peoples, the Negroes, are those who most abhor injustice, there is complete and general safety throughout the land.  The traveler here has no more reason, than the man who stays at home, to fear brigands, thieves, or ravishers.

    The Kingdom of Mali was larger than Western Europe.  Word of the wealth of these lands got out even to distant Europe.  A Spanish map of 1375 portrayed the source and controller of the region.  The map showed a man riding on a camel in the midst of the Sahara desert and it showed the Great Lord of Mali, reputed to be the wealthiest man on earth.

    In 1324, Kan Kan Musa, ruler of Mali, decided to turn his trading city of Timbuktu into a great city of learning and religion.  In the heart of the city, Emperor Musa built a Mosque and University.  It was the beginning of the rise of Timbuktu into a great center of learning.

A Spanish visitor of the early 16th century recorded:

    In Timbuktu there are numerous judges and learned men, all well supported by the ruler of the city.  Many handwritten books are sold here and there is more profit to be had from this book trade than from any other branch of commerce.

    Islam exercised a profound and permanent effect on West African life.  Through the influence of Islamic scholars this region became an intellectual part of a wide world of learning.  At heart the teachings of the Prophet (Mohammed) were a code of strict moral behavior.  But Islam also had rule for organizing trade efficiently.

    Berbers controlled all movement across the desert.  Their influence extended from Timbuktu to the gates of Cairo.  Berber Kings ruled Spain for several centuries.

    Old Cairo.  The center of world trade from the Atlantic to the Sea of China.  A city of Islam since the 7th century when the Sultan's of NW Africa, known as the Fatmid dynasty moved here from Tunis and established Cairo as their capital.  Cairo became a rich and tolerant city, renown for its art and learning and dominating the commerce of half the world.

    Ibn Kaldoon, a great North African historian has left us a description of Cairo as it was at the end of the 14th century.

Cairo is the metropolis of the Universe, a garden of the world, the gateway of Islam, the throne of kings.  A city of castles and palaces...

    The grand structure was supported by the Berber dinar - African gold coins.  The European's began minting African gold into coins after emerging from the medieval era.  With the grand flourishing of Renaissance Culture Europeans came into more contact with Africans.  Blacks are depicted in the great works of Renaissance art as the natural equals of white people.  This had also been the attitude of the Greeks and Romans and remained for a short while the attitude of Europeans during the early Renaissance.  The essential unity of mankind was not in question.

EAST AFRICA

Swahili:
    sailors.  They accepted Islam, but much their culture is uniquely Swahili.  They are very much individualist.

    African Sailors from East Africa were at home on the highways of the sea.  They went to India and China.

Lamu:
    a charming little town on the coast of Kenya.  Just one of many Swahili towns built in coral stone all the way along the coast from Somalia to Mozambique.  The film shows a magnificent home of a wealthy Swahili trader.  These houses were built over six hundred years ago and there were no better houses anywhere in the world.  While citizens in London were pouring their chamber pots out the window, the residents of Lamu had efficient indoor plumbing.
 

• Lamu is the best preserved on old Swahili towns, but it was by no means the most important.
• 1414 Chinese painting of an African Giraffe sent as gift for the Chinese emperor.
• The Swahili linked the world to the Southern Africa gold producing centers.

GREAT ZIMBABWE.

    Emerging in the 8th century.  By the 12th century they build massive structures known today as Great Zimbabwe.  Seventeen feet thick in places and 800 feet in length.  They were so impressive that the Europeans could not believe they were built by the natives.  The Europeans also could not believe they had a trading network which cross the known world.  Treasure seeking Europeans destroyed much of cultural history in the last century.  But we have gold figures from as early as 800 and artifacts from China and India.

    Kilwa, on a Island near the coast of modern Tanzania was the most important trading center.  Today it is ruins, but at its height is was one of the wonders of the world.

Question:

What happened to Kilwa with the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s?

II.    Episode 5:  "The Bible and the Gun"

Q:   What is the connections between racism and the slavery that developed in the 1400 & 1500s?

Racism and Slavery

Africa has had a long, troublesome history with European powers. The greatest calamity that Africans have faced is the Atlantic slave trade beginning around the 16th century. An estimated 15 million Africans were taken from their homes to serve as slaves to Europeans. Africa was looked to for slave labor for a few reasons. The first: Europeans were unwilling to have European slaves. They did not want to have their own people serving them. The second reason for African slavery: There were not enough people resources in the Americas. The major European powers in the Americas, Britain, France, and Spain, could not find enough labor there. The lack of great quantities of Native Americans forced Europeans to look for slaves elsewhere. This does not mean, however, that the Native Americans were not coerced into slavery. The third: Africans were convenient and inferior. The idea of an inferior race of humans suited slavery well. Europeans felt that they were helping a lower race become more civilized when they took African slaves. The Europeans removed tens of thousands of skilled African workers from their homes. The location of Africans did not stop Europe. Slave traders searched far inland for skilled slaves. They shipped slaves to coastal prisons. Davidson's video showed a church with a prison underneath. Many of the Africans were waiting in captive underneath the church in the prison. At any given time, there were up to ten thousand slaves there. Many clergymen knew of the slave warehouse beneath their place of worship. Some even participated in the trade. According to Basil Davidson, "... racism grew out of slavery." The Europeans treated their slaves as subhuman. Other Europeans then assumed that slave, hence Africans, were an inferior race of people. Africans were almost a different species, somehow closer to apes than the fair skinned people of Europe.