The skeletal system:
I.
Bone markings
A.
depressions and openings
1. fossa-
2. sinus-
3. foramen-
4. meatus-
1.
those that fit into joints
a. condyle-
b. head-
c. facet-
2.
those to which muscles attach
a. tubercle-
b. tuberosity-
c. trochanter-
d.
crest-
e. epicondyle-
II.
Sutures- seam found between skull bones.
This is an immoveable joint and contains very little connective tissue
between the bones.
a. coronal-
b. sagittal-
c. lambdoidal-
d. squamosal-
e. metopic-
A.
Axial-80 bones
B.
Appendicular-126 bones
A.
skull-28 bones
1.
cranium-8 bones (make contact with the brain)
2.
face-14 bones
3.
ear-6 bones (malleus, incus,
stapes)
B.
hyoid-‘U’ shaped muscle in neck that
allows tongue muscle attachment
C.
spinal column-26 bones
1.
cervical vertebra-7
2.
thoracic vertebra-12
3.
lumbar vertebra-5
4.
sacral vertebra-5 fused
5.
coccyx-4 fused
D.
sternum and ribs
1.
25 bones
2.
12 pairs of ribs
a.
7 are true
b.
5 are false
c.
of those false, 2 pairs are floating
3.
sternum contains a manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
V.
Appendicular skeleton
A.
upper extremities (64 bones)
1.
pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle-attach bones of upper extremity to the
axial skeleton (2 bones)
a.
clavicle (collar bone)
-double
curvature
-medial end is
sternal extremity
-lateral end is
flat and is called acromial extremity
b.
scapula (shoulder bone)
-glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus
-
includes:
spine, body, acromion, medial border, lateral border, inferior angle,
superior angle, scapular notch, coracoid process, suraspinous and infraspinous
fossa, subscapular fossa
2.
humerus (longest bone of arm)
a.
proximal end-head, neck, greater and lesser tubercle, intertubercular
groove, surgical neck (fractures easily), body, deltoid tuberosity (attachment
for deltoid muscle)
b.
distal end-capitulum (articulates with head of radius)
-radial fossa-receives
head of radius when arm is flexed
-trochlea-articulates
with ulna
-coronoid fossa-depression
receives part of ulna when forearm is flexed
-olecranon
fossa-depression receives the olecranon process of the ulna when forearm is
extended
-medial
epicondyle
-lateral
epicondyle
3.
ulna-(on pinkie side)
a.
proximal end
-olecranon
process-prominence of your elbow
-coronoid
process-receives trochlea along with olecranon
-trochlear
notch-trochlea of humerus fits here
-radial
notch-receives head of radius
b.
distal end
-head
-styloid
process
4.
Radius-Colles fracture occurs at distal end of this bone
a.
proximal end
-head
-radial
tuberosity-point of attachment for the biceps muscle
b.
distal end
-styloid
process
-ulnar
notch-articulates with the distal end of the ulna
5.
Carpals (wrist bones)
-8 bones
-united by
ligaments
6.
metacarpals (palm)
7.
phalanges-14 bones
-each finger
has 3 bones
-each thumb has
2 bones
1.
Pelvic Girdle
a.
Coxal bones (hip)
-strong and
supportive
-pelvic bones
divide into greater and lesser pelvis
-pelvimetry is
measurement of the size of the pelvis
-divides into illium, ischium, pubis
1.
ilium
-largest
-illiac crest
is landmark (when you put your hands on your hips this is what you feel)
-anterior iliac
spine and posterior iliac spine are important for muscles of the abdominal wall
to attach to
-greater
sciatic notch (blood vessels and nerves pass here)
-iliac fossa
(attachment of iliac muscle)
-sacroiliac
joint is where ilium articulates with sacrum
2.
ischium
-contains
ischial spine (used to determine pelvic size), lesser sciatic notch, ischial
tuberosity, and obturator foramen (largest foramen in skeleton)
3.
pubis
-contains
superior ramus (branch), inferior ramus, body, symphysis pubis (joint between
the coxal bones composed of fibrocartilage)
-acetabulum is
fossa formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis and articulates with head of femur
-note:
the symphysis pubis joint is affected by hormones during pregnancy and
will ‘stretch’ to allow the birth of a baby.
---locate the following structures and know why you have them!:
--head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, linea aspera, lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle and medial epicondyle.
3. Patella-knee bone (a sesamoid bone)
4. Tibia-(shin bone)
--locate the following structures and know their function!
--medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus
5. fibula-doesn't bear any weight from the body
--locate the lateral malleolus and the head
6. tarsals-include the calcaneous (heel), the talus (ankle), and 5 others.
7. metatarsals- numbered 1 to 5 beginning medially
8. phalanges-toes (how many phalanx are in the big toe?)
--study your clinical terms!
Questions to answer for fun:--do not turn
these in!
1.
How many bones in the face?
2.
How many ribs are true?
3.
What structure on the ischium is used to determine pelvic size?
4.
What is the name of the fossa that articulates with the head of the
femur?
5.
What are the names of the 3 ear bones?
6.
How many phalanges in your hand?
7.
What is a foramen?
8.
What is a condyle?
9.
What is the name of the suture that separates the two parietal bones?
10.
Name the bones of the leg.
11. What are the differences between the male and female pelves? (see the text)
