ANSC 3613 - Unit 3 Lecture Notes
Feedstuffs
Characteristics of Common Concentrate Feedstuffs
A. Carbonaceous or high energy concentrates- should contain less than 20% protein and less than 18% fiber.
B. General Nutritive Characteristics
1. high in energy (TDN or NE)
2. low in fiber
3. low in protein (compared to oil seed meals)
4. protein quality variable and quite low:
5. fair in phosphorus
6. low in calcium
7. high in niacin but unavailable to the pig
C. Important high-energy feeds
1. corn
a. 80% TDN
b. 8 - 9% CP also low in lys, try, vit. D, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid
c. yellow corn high in carotene
d. grades of corn based on moisture
1) # 2 corn no more than 15.5% moisture
e. fed in various forms
1) air-dry (approximately 90% DM); wt. 56 lb/bushel
2) high-moisture (20 to 34% moisture when stored)
2. sorghum grains (milo, kafir, hybrids...)
a. must be processed
b. 95 to 98% the value of corn
c. higher but variable in protein (8 -12%) compared with corn
d. quite drought resistant
3. oats (65 to 75% TDN; 12%CP_
a. highly palatable; 85% the feeding value of corn
b. limited in beef finishing diets and swine and poultry diets because of high fiber value
c. good for young animals; creep for calves not more than 50-50 with corn; swine growing and finishing diet no more than 20% replacement of corn....
4. barley (75 - 75% TDN and 11 to 12% CP)
a. 88 to 90% the value of corn
b. limit to swine and poultry (5 to 6% fiber)
c. most grown in north central and far west states
d. can replace 100% corn in cattle diets
5. wheat (80% TDN and 12 and 14% CP)
a. 105% feeding value of corn
b. may pack stomachs... should not makeup over 50% of swine and beef diets
c. usually too expensive
6. Mollasses (55 to 75% TDN; 3 to 7% CP mostly NPN)
a. byproduct of sugar beet and sugar cane processing
b. often fed in liquid form (70 to 80% DM)
c. uses:
1) pellet binder
2) reduce dustiness
3) improve palatability of diet
d. should replace more than 10% of the corn in livestock diets
e. fed to ruminants and horses @ a rate of 3 to 7% of the diet
f. high levels have an laxative effect (high in Mg)
g. diets over 15% molasses become sticky and hard to handle
h. molasses quality in terms of Brix (pronounced Bree)
7. Animal Fat
a. often treated with antioxidant
b. uses:
1) increase energy level of diet
2) reduce dust
3) lubrication of machinery parts during
4) improve texture and flavor
D. Proteinaceous Concentrates ("high-protein" feedstuffs)
1. Quality of protein will depend on the kind and ratio of available essential amino acids
2. Some important protein supplements
a. NPN, not a protein supplement, but a source of N for protein synthesis by
rumen bacteria
b. used to lower protein cost of ruminant diets; 1 lb of urea and 6 lb of corn is
approximately equivalent to 7 lb of SBM
1 lb urea X 2.81% CP equiv. = 2.81 lb CP
6 lb corn X 9% CP = .54 lb CP
total 3.35 lb CP
7 lb SBm X 44% CP = 3.08 lb CP
c. general rules for feeding urea and other NPN sources
1. no more than 1/3 of total N in diet should come from urea
2. no more than 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix should be urea
3. no more than 10 to 15% of a typical protein supplement should be urea
4. no more than 5% of a supplement to be used with poor-quality roughage
d. other sources of NPN (see text for more information)
3. Supplements of plant origin (oil meals)
a. manufacturing process of oil meals
1) mechanical
2) solvent
b. effect of processing
1) fat content
2) cooking
3) avoid overcooking
c. Soybean meal (SBM)
1) most widely used oil seed meal in U.S.
2) 44 to 50% protein
3) CP: solvent - 44 to 50%; mechanically-41 to 44%
4) must not contain more than 7% crude fiber
5) TDN(71 to 80%) similar to oats and barley
6) must be heated
a) antitrypsin
b) urease
7) most complete amino acid source used to balance diets composed of mostly grain
8) On-farm ,Full-fat soybeans
a. CP-- 37 to 38%; fat-- 17 to 18%; TDN-- 84 to 92%
b. can successfully replace SBM in diets
d. Cottonseed meal (CSM)
1) nutritive value:
a. CP -- 36 to 41%
b. TDN -- 61 to 70%
c. no fiber limit often 10 to 14%
d. protein quality low...
2) DANGER in swine and poultry feeding
a). gossypol contained (.03 to .2% ) cottonseed is a toxic compound
b). young animals are the most sensitive and poultry less than swine
c). broilers are not affect by a dietary level of .15% and growing pigs
tolerate diets up to .01%;
- addition of ferrous sulfate will reduce the affects of free gossypol
(1:1 ratio of ferrous sulfate:free gossypol)
d). signs of gossypol toxicity are similar to pneumonia; fluids builds up in
abdominal cavity
e). egg production no affect by free gossypol levels up to .02%; levels of
.05% + will cause green-colored egg yolks in egg stored up to 3 months
f). feed recommendations
1) no more than 25 to 30% of the protein supplement for
swine or poultry diets
2) satisfactory protein supplement in ruminant diets
3) whole cottonseeds fed to lactating dairy cows
e. Linseed meal (flax seed)
1) most grown in north central U.S.
2) nutritive value
a) 34 to 38% CP
b) high in Se (.9%)
c) poor quality protein
3) may replace 25 to 33% of SBM in swine and poultry diets
4) satisfactory protein supplement for ruminant and horse diets
f. Sunflower meal
1) 32 to 45% CP; 12 to 24% fiber
2) rich source of B-complex vitamins
3) low lysine and energy compared with SBM
4) limit feed to non-ruminants (30 to 50% of the SBM)
g. safflower meal
h. rapeseed meal (RSM) or canola meal
1) 35 to 40% CP; 13 to 14% fiber
2) low palatability, energy and lys than SBM
3) DANGER in livestock feeding
a) whole rapeseed contains erucic acid and the enzyme myrosinase
* myrosinase changes certain chemicals into toxic compounds
b) proper processing usually destroys these compounds
4) to be canola rather than rape must contain less than 5% erucic acid and less than
3 mg/gof thyrotoxic and goitrogenic compounds
5) feeding recommendations - young swine < 5%; sows up to 12% of diet; not palatable to ruminants may be used up to levels of 10%
i. Peanut meal (PNM)
1) nutritive value: 40 to 48% CP; 6 to 13% fiber; poor quality protein (low in Lys and Met)
2) DANGER in livestock feeding; highly susceptible to molds such as Aspergillus flavus
3) can be used when cheap with swine(30 to 50% of the SBM); expect growth retardation and increased feed requirements unless an unusually good sample of PNM is obtained.
4) ruminants-PNM free of molds and toxins appears equal to SBM in feeding value
4. Protein Supplements of Animal Origin
a. derived from meat and poultry packing
b. rich source of lysine; likely to be short in either the sulfur amino acids or tryptophan
c. generally included at 5 to 10% of the diet
d. Tankage; 55 to 60% CP; less than 4.4% P; > 4.4% P must be label meat and bone meal; used primarily in swine diets
e. Meat scrap (meal meal); low in protein than tankage (45 to 50%); mainly used with swine
and poultry formulations
f. Blood meal; high in CP (80%+); may be low in digestibility and quality due to heat damage;
increased used in ruminant diets
g. Fish protein sources
1) fish meal; CP -- 35 to 70%; excellent protein and source of B vitamins; high in Ca, P.
2) fish soluble; dried contains 60% CP; excellent protein and source of B vitamins; use
3) fish protein sources are used primarily in swine and poultry diets
h. Milk products
1) whole milk (see composition pg 189)
2) whey - contains less than 10% DM and 1% CP
3) dried milk products
a) dried whey contains less than 11% CP and 61% lactose (Energy!)
b) dried skim milk; 33% CP
c) dried buttermilk; 32 to 33% CP
4) dried milk products are used primarily in milk replacers or in starter diets for young
pigs, ruminants, or pets.
j. Poultry byproducts
1) poultry byproduct meal - cannot not contain > 16% ash; 55 to 65% CP; used in
primarily in broiler diets and in pet foods
2) hydrolyzed poultry feathers (feathermeal); 85% CP; 75% CP should be guaranteed
digestible; primarily used in swine and poultry feeds at no more than 3% of the diet
because it is low in Lys, His, Met, and Try. Good bypass protein source for ruminants.
k. Miscellaneous protein sources
1) Single-cell protein (SCP)
a) yeast or bacteria; 50 to 85% CP;
b) highly digestible in swine and a high-quality protein if Met is added.
l. Animal wastes
1) animal and poultry wastes consist of feces and urine (with or without bedding);
fed primarily to _________________; fed in the following ways: unprocessed, solids
fraction, ensiled or dehydrated
2) nutrient composition is variable (see table 3-4 page 190)
3) 10 to 60% of protein in animal wastes exist as NPN
4) levels of animal wastes in animal diets
a) 5 to 10% in poultry & swine diets does not appear to affect performance
b) 20 to 30% in ruminant diets have supported satisfactory gains
5. Feed Grain Byproducts
a. Corn byproducts
1) corn bran; 12 to 16% CP; 10 to 12% fiber
2) hominy feed; mixture of bran, germ, and starch portion of the grain; about equal to
corn in feeding value
b. Wet corn milling - process of preparing starch, sugar, syrup, and corn oil (human food)
1) corn gluten meal; 40 to 60% CP
2) corn gluten feed; contains corn bran; 20 to 25% CP
c. Distillers byproduct feeds -
1) distiller's dried grain; 25 to 27% C
2) distiller's wet grain - from gasohol production
3) used as a part of ruminant or horse rations
d. Sorghum grain byproducts... similar to products of corn
e. Wheat byproducts - wheat flour milling byproducts
1) wheat bran - course outer coating of kernel; 15 to 17% CP & 9 to 11% CF
a) swine farrowing diets or in diets of horses or cattle used for show
because of its bulky and mild laxative properties
b) limited to 10 to 15% of ration (replacement for grain)
2) Wheat middlings ("midds") - consist of fine particles of wheat bran, wheat shorts, wheat germ and wheat flour, 16 to 18% CP; mainly used in swine diets
3) Wheat shorts - contains same components of midds but must contain less than
7% CF.
4) others...
f. Oat byproducts
1) oat groats - kernels produced from clean dried oats with hull removed; 16 to 17% CP;
only 3% CF; approximately equal to corn in feeding value; usually too expensive
2) oat hulls - consist primarily of outer covering of the oat; 5 to 6% CP and 26 to 28% CF
g. Barley byproducts
1) brewers dried grains; 25 to 27% CP; often fed to dairy cattle up to 1/3 of grain mix; often included in horse diets; seldom fed to swine (14 to 16% CF)
h. Rice bran (13 to 15% CP; 12% CF)
1) consist primarily of seed coat and germ removed from rice grain in manufacturing
of polished rice for human consumption
2) comparable to wheat bran in feeding value; although lower in CP
3) used in ruminant and swine diets to replace the grain; should not replace
more than 30% of the grain in growing-finishing swine...
i. Byproduct feeds are high in CP than parent grains but quality of protein is remains low. These
feeds are generally used to supply a part but not all of protein and energy in livestock diets.
Common Roughage Feedstuffs
A. General
1. low in energy; contain more than 18% crude fiber
2. includes: give examples...
3. compared to concentrates...
a. higher in ______________
b. lower in _______________
c. variable in ________________
4. need for ________________ in ruminant rations
5. higher in ___________ and trace elements than most concentrates
6. legumes are higher in ___________ and ___________________ than some concentrates
7. limited in or excluded in :
8. Nutrient content affected more by maturity than with concetrates
B. Proteinaceous Roughages ("high" in protein; contain more than 10%CP)
1. Advantages of legume forages
a. high CP
b. high in Ca (> than ___________ %)
c. increases soil fertility... HOW?
d. excellent in combination with grasses.... WHY?
2. Alfalfa
a. perrenial or annual; warm or cool season
b. drought resistantce is good.... WHY?
c. requriments for good growth
d. nutrient and TDN levels
3. red clover (perennial or annual)
a. better suited to higher rainfall areas
b. similar in nutrient content to alfalfa
4. Alsike clover (perennial or annual)
a. similar to red clover
b. cool climate and abundant moisture
c. grown is similar conditions/regions as red clover
5. White clover (perennial)
a. long-lived, shallow rooted
b. grown all over; thrives best in cool, moist climates
c. pasture plant; good for seeding with grasses
6. Ladino clover
a. giant rapid growing type of white clover
b. primarily a grazing crops; grows well in mixtures of orchard grass and tall fescue
c. temperate climate; prefers moist fertile soils
7. Sweet clover (biannual and annual forms)
a. grows almost anywear provide there is > 17 in of annual rainfall and sufficient lime in the soil
b. many uses
c. leaves contain coumarin which reduces palatability
d. improperly cured sweet clover hay can result in mold formation
1) coumarin + mold -----> dicoumerol-like compound
a) "moldy sweet clover poisoning"
e. What are the clincial signs of moldy sweet clover poisining?
8. Birdsfoot trefoil
a. producer well on less fertile soils than needed for alfalfa
b. likley to cause bloat in cattle and sheep
c. good feeding value
d. grows well in mixtures with orchard grass, Kentucky blue, and timoth
9. Lespedeza
a. summer annual
b. grows on all kinds of soils if well-drained near the surface
c. thrives in hot weather
C. Nonlegume forages (primarily grasses)
1. most will contain > 10% CP if managed properly
a. adequate nitrogen fertilization
b. harvested at an immature stage of maturity
2. less than .9% Ca
D. Carbonaceous Roughages (less than 10% CP)
1. Native perrenial range grasses (warm-season grasses)
a. Great Plains and western corn belt
b. Big bluestem
1) erect, robust, bunch
2). highly palatable
3) pasture or hay
4) 4 to 11% CP
2. Indiangrass
a. grows in small patches; perennial
b. fair for winter grazing
c. 5 to 11% CP
3. Switchgrass
a. tall coarse stem perrennial
b. seed cost lower adn easier to seed compared with Indiangrass and side-oats grama
c. contains 3 to 11% CP
4. Side-oats grama
a. long-lived erect perennial
b. grazed mostly in late summer
c. similar to big bluestem in forage value; 3 to 11% CP
2. Cool-season perennial forage grasses - mainly used in the humid northern regions of U.S. Mostly
productinve during early spring, late spring to early summer and again during fall periods if
moisture conditions and temperature are suitable. All suffer some degree of dormancy during July
and August due to high temperatures and droughty condtions
a. Kentucky bluegrass
1) long-lived perennial sodgrass with rhizomes
2) oftem earliest growing grass in the spring
3) highly palatabel and nutritious; tolerate to heavy grazing
4) not suitable for hay... WHY?
5) contains 12 to 17% CP
b. Smooth bromegrass
1) erect, leafy, long-lived, drought resistant perennial
2) used for pasture, hay , silage
3) produces abundant forage during the spring and summer
4) contains from 4 to 20% CP
c. Orchardgrass
1) long-lived perennial bunch grass; grows in clumps 2 to 4 ft tall
2) starts growth in early spring; matures rapidly
3) new growth higly palatable
4) superior to smooth bromegrass as a deterrant to bloat when grown in combination
with alfalfa because orchardgrass is more uniformly productive during the season
5) contains 8 to 18% CP
d. Timothy
1) perennial bunchgrass 2 to 3.5 ft tall
2) good for hay; does not withstand heavy grazing
3) good horse hay; should be cut no later than early bloom stage for max. nutrient value
4) 8 to 12% CP
e. Tall fescue
1) deeply rooted and strongly tuffed perennial bunchgrass with stems 3 to 4 ft tall
2) numerous dark green basal leaves are broad and flat and glisten in the sunlight
3) adapted to moist, deep soils, tolerates moderatly high soil salinity; able to survive prolonged
winter flooding; but is not tolerate to extended drought
3) used for pasture and hay; more widely for pasture - especially during the winter
4) fair in palatablility for livestock and becomes coarse and low in quality if left
undergrazed or lightly grazed and allowed to mature. Periodic close grazing down
to 2 to 4 in a rotational program is recommended
5) when used for pasture it is frequently sown with ladino clover
6) fescue foot - occurs in cattle grazing tall fescue; cattle suffer from lamness because of
a loss of blood supply to the extremities
7) 10 to 15% CP
8) "Summer Slump" - growth or milk production is depressed; generally occurs when environmental temperatures reach 86 Fand plant begins to develop head; these conditons
tend to conincide with a plant endophyte fungus and high plant content of alkaloid perloline;
these compounds reduce palatability and digestiblity and cause an increase in body temperature
and roughened hair coat of cattle; cattle prefer to stand in shade or water
9) endophyte-free tall fescue?
3. Southern Grasses
a. Common bermudagrass
1) long-lived perennial spred by runners, rootstock or both, and by seeds ; stem are very leafy
2) requires warm weather during the growing season and can bear intense heat
3) most common method of establishment is with use of sprigs or a piece of sod
4) mostly used for pasture
5) less drought resistant than Coastal bermudagrass
6) contains 6 to 15% CP
b. Coastal bermudgrass
1) superior to common bermudgrass; higher yielding; grows taller; grows later in the fall; more
cold resistent to leaf disease and root-knot nematode
2) most extensively used as a hay crop over much of the deep south
3) can produce 3 or more cuttings per year; fine stemmed and fast curing
4) is a hybrid and does not produce a viable seed; thus it must be reproduced vegetatively by sprigs
5) contains 7 to 18% CP
F. COMMON LOSSES IN HAYMAKING
1. Shattering leaves
a. ideal conditions: 5% loss with grasses; 20% loss with legumes
2. Heat damage - hay stored with excess moisture (> 25 to 30%)
a. mold
b. bacterial growth
c. heat
1) > 120o F nutrient destruction & binding occurs... __________ appear to be the most vulnerable to
damage.
2) 160 to 165o F there is danger of spontaneous combustion
3. Fermentation or plant cell respiration
a. converts sugars and starch to _______ and ________ (this is lost)
b. reduces ____________ value
c. destroys cartotene
d. under good condtions accounts for _____ to ______% of loss in DM.
e. rapid drying is likely the key to low fermentation losses
4. Bleaching
a. color loss is due to the destruction of __________________ by sunlight
b. reduces carotene (releate to greeness) or vitamin A activity.
5. Leaching due to rainfall
G. Normal loss values form field to barn
1. Field and barn cured hay
Percentage Loss
DM 20-30
Protein 27-30
TDN 25-28
Carotene 90-97
2. Dehydrated hay
Percentage Loss
DM 16
Protein 18
TDN 13
Carotene 76
3. Wilted silage
Percentage Loss
DM 16
Protein 16
TDN 19
Carotene 81
H. Additives in haymaking
1. Preservatives
2. Drying agents
3. Anhydrous ammonia:
a. 40 - 60 lb anhydrous ammonia/ton of hay
b. ammoniation of dry forage can increase CP 3 to 6% & improve digestibility much as 10%
c. formation of imidazoles
4. Federal grades of hay include: US no 1, 2, 3 and sample
I. Characteristics of Common "Nutritive Additive" Feedstuffs
1. Sources of Minerals (see table)
Mineral Source Ca,% P,% Remarks
Limestonea 33-38 0
Oyster shell 37-39 0
Steamed bone meal 24-30 12-14 12-13% CP
Curaco phosphate 34-36 12-15
Raw rock phosphate 29-35 12-15 2-4% F
Deflourinated rock phosphate 32-33 16-18 < 1part of F to 100 parts of P
Dicalcium phosphate 23-28 18-22
Monosodium phosphate 0 18-22 16-19% Na
Phosphoric acid 0 22-31.6
____________________________________________________________________________________________
a appears to be little difference between Ca sources in the utilization or availabilityh of Ca by animal species.
Phosphorus sources vary greatly in availability especially when fed to monogastrics. Curaco P is low in P availability while raw rock P is fair and the other are good to excellent.